A group formed based on age and usually sex. Every society classifies its members into groups based on various criteria and assigns different functions and meanings to them. Age groups are one of them. There are two types of age groups: the age grade system, in which members who have obtained certain qualifications move through fixed stages divided by age, and the age group system, in which once a person is incorporated into a particular group, he or she remains a member of that group for the rest of his or her life. Among age groups, those that are formed based on differences in generations, such as a group of fathers followed by a group of sons, are called "generational groups." Some societies have both the age grade system and the age group system, but some only have one. Age groups are also found in Melanesia and North America, but they are most widely found in Africa. In East Africa, the age group system is highly developed. An age group is formed by people who were born at the same time or who received the coming-of-age ceremony at the same time, and is given a proper name. Usually, only men form age groups, but sometimes women also form simple age groups. For example, among the Nandi agro-pastoralists of Kenya, all boys are circumcised at birth, and those who are circumcised at roughly the same time form an age group. These age groups are formed at approximately 15-year intervals, and there are seven of them in total with proper names. The two youngest of the seven age groups are junior groups, and the third is the warrior group, which is responsible for all military actions. The remaining four groups are elder groups. After holding real power for about 15 years, the warrior group surrenders its position to the next group and joins the elder group. The seventh and oldest group should all be dead by that time, and the name of the "empty" group will be given to the newly created youngest group, "regenerating." In this way, the names of the seven groups appear repeatedly, and the age groups as a whole form a closed circle. This type is called cyclical. In contrast, when the last member dies, the group's name and the uniqueness of its activities disappear forever, and the same one never appears again, this type is called linear. The Kikuyu, a farming people of Kenya, are linear. Age groups are complicated and unique to each society, sometimes linked to age grading and sometimes to residential patterns. Among the Meru farming people of Kenya, age groups are also formed at 15-year intervals, but each group has three subgroups, and the names are the same for all age groups. Each group is also divided into two groups, right and left, so that if we look at the right and left separately, they become father-son generation groups within each group. Thus, the real political and military power in society shifts from right to left and left to right approximately every 15 years. Among the Nyakyusa farming people of Tanzania, members of one age group live in the same village (age village). Boys leave their parents' villages at about age 10 and start sleeping with boys of the same age. After that, the number of members increases, and after a certain period of time, the age village is closed, and each person builds their own house and lives in the village even after marriage. Also, among the indigenous Canela people of northern Brazil, the age group is the most important group involved in production, rituals, and political activities. Men undergo a coming-of-age ceremony every ten years and are formed into age groups. There are six age groups named after birds or animals, which are arranged in a recurring cycle. Each group has two leaders, from among whom the village chief is chosen. The age group system (and age grade system) has a different significance from the social grouping based on kinship ties, because it creates a different kind of community organization across societies divided into kinship and regions. The obligations and rights imposed on members of the same group, the emphasis on unity, and the relationships between groups are effective means of maintaining social order. [Yasushi Kato] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
年齢と、通常は性を規準にとって形成された集団。どのような社会もさまざまな規準によって、その成員をいくつかの集団に分類し、異なる機能と意味を付与することが行われている。年齢集団もその一つで、年齢によって区分された固定したいくつかの段階を、特定の資格を得たメンバーが次々に移行する年齢階梯(かいてい)制と、一度ある特定の集団に組み入れられると終生その組のメンバーとして過ごす年齢組制がある。年齢組制のなかでも、とくに世代の違いによって、たとえば父の世代の集団の次に息子の世代の集団というぐあいに組がつくられるものを「世代組」とよぶ。年齢階梯制と年齢組制の両方をもつ社会もあるが、一方だけしかもたない社会もある。 年齢組はメラネシア、北アメリカなどにもあるが、もっとも広くみられるのはアフリカである。ことに東アフリカでは年齢組制がきわめて高度に発達している。一つの年齢組は同じ時期に生まれたこと、あるいは同じ時期に成年儀礼を受けたことによって形成され、固有名が与えられる。通常、年齢組をつくるのは男だけであるが、ときに女も簡単な年齢組をつくることがある。たとえば、ケニアの農牧民ナンディの場合、すべての男子は出生時に割礼を施され、ほぼ同時期に割礼を受けた者が一つの年齢組を形成する。こうした年齢組がほぼ15年間隔でつくられるが、その固有名は全部で七つである。七つの年齢組のうち若い二つは年少組で、三つ目は戦士の組としてすべての軍事行動に対し責任をもつ。残りの四つの組は長老組である。戦士の組は、およそ15年間実権を握ったのち、後続の組にその位置を明け渡し、自らは長老組の仲間入りをする。七つ目の最長老の組はそのころまでには全員死亡しているはずであり、「空っぽ」になった組の名称は新しくつくられた最年少の組に与えられて「再生」する。こうして七つの組の名は繰り返し現れ、全体としての年齢組は閉じた円環を形づくることになる。このようなタイプを循環型とよぶ。これに対し、メンバーの最後の1人が死ぬと組の名前も活動の独自性も永久に消滅し、同じものがふたたび現れることのないタイプは直線型とよばれる。同じケニアの農耕民キクユが直線型である。 年齢組制は年齢階梯制や、ときには居住様式と結び付いて複雑な、その社会独自のシステムをつくっている。ケニアの農耕民メルでは年齢組はやはり15年間隔でつくられるが、各組の内部にそれぞれ三つの小組をもち、その名称はどの年齢組でも同じである。また各組は右か左に2分類されているため、右も左も別々にみると、その内部では父―息子という世代組となる。こうして社会の政治・軍事的実権は、ほぼ15年ごとに右から左へ、左から右へと移行する。タンザニアの農耕民ニャキュサでは一つの年齢組のメンバーは同じ村(年齢村)に住む。少年たちは10歳ころを境として両親の村を離れ、同年齢の少年たちといっしょに寝泊まりし始める。その後メンバーが増え、一定の期間が過ぎると年齢村は閉じられ、それぞれ個人の家を建てて結婚後もこの村に住むのである。またブラジル北部の先住民カネラでは年齢組が生産、祭儀、政治の活動にかかわるもっとも重要な集団となっている。男は10年ごとに成年儀礼を受け年齢組をつくる。鳥や獣の名をつけた年齢組が六つあって、それが繰り返す循環型となっている。各組には2人のリーダーがいて、このなかから集落の長も選ばれる。年齢組制(また年齢階梯制も)は親族関係による社会の集団化とは異なる重要性をもっている。それは親族や地域に分かれた社会を横断して別種の共同体組織をつくりだすからである。同じ組のメンバーに課せられる義務や権利、一体性の強調、また組間の関係は、社会秩序の維持の有効な手段となっている。 [加藤 泰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Age structure and gender structure
…Today, the only things that remain of the name a...
…German poet and radio dramatist. Born near Frank...
…Males often mate with domestic females. The Mind...
...In the United States, based on the experience ...
…He became the center of research activities of t...
A procedure carried out to settle legal relations...
A type of lighting item. Made mainly from paraffin...
" Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly " i...
… [Repeater] Repeaters are amplifiers inserted at...
Among the prayers recited in festival ceremonies,...
Three brothers, Pol de Limbourg, Herman de L. and ...
An act aimed at achieving desirable things such a...
...When the constituent neuroblasts have differen...
...An even-toed ungulate mammal of the Bovidae fa...
...Alternatively, it is effective to allow suffic...