A branch of physics that studies the thermal properties of matter from a macroscopic standpoint. Historically, it was perfected in the mid to late 19th century. Thermodynamics was developed in response to the need to clarify the physical properties of heat in order to improve the efficiency of heat engines and to understand their limitations. Temperature and heat are everyday elements, but it is difficult to grasp their concrete reality. Dealing with such quantities physically requires abstract concepts. Thermodynamics first assumes the existence of a state of thermal equilibrium where temperature, heat, etc. are defined (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics). The energy of the system in that state is called internal energy. There are two ways to change internal energy U : by doing work ΔW to the system, or by exchanging heat ΔS with the outside, and so heat is said to be one form of energy transfer (First Law of Thermodynamics). Furthermore, it is said that heat flows spontaneously in one direction from a high heat source to a low heat source. From this, it is recognized as a principle that the state will always relax into a state of thermal equilibrium (Second Law of Thermodynamics). From these laws, a quantity called entropy, which describes heat and temperature as state quantities, is introduced, and the basic equation of thermodynamics is [Seiji Miyashita] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
巨視的な立場から物質の熱的性質を研究する物理学の一分野。歴史的には19世紀なかばから後半にかけて完成された。熱を扱うための技術が熱機関とともに発達し、熱機関の効率性の向上、さらには限界を知るために熱のもつ性質を物理的に明らかにすることが求められ発達したのが熱力学である。温度、熱というものは日常的なものであるが、具体的な実体をとらえにくいものである。そのような量を物理的にとり扱うことは、抽象的な概念を必要とする。 熱力学ではまず、温度、熱などが定義される熱平衡状態の存在を仮定する(熱力学第ゼロ法則)。その状態における系のエネルギーを内部エネルギーとよぶ。内部エネルギーUを変化させる方法に、系に仕事ΔWをすることと、外から熱ΔSをやりとりする二つの方法があることから、熱とはエネルギーの移動形態の一つであるとする(熱力学第一法則)。さらに、熱は高熱源から低熱源へ自発的に一方的に流れるとする。このことから、状態は必ず熱平衡状態に緩和することが原理として認められる(熱力学第二法則)。これらの法則から、熱、温度を状態量として記述する、エントロピーとよばれる量を導入し、熱力学の基本方程式 [宮下精二] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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