The principles of thermodynamics, or fundamental laws, are the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which stipulates the existence of a state of thermal equilibrium, the First Law of Thermodynamics, which gives the relationship between heat and work, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which gives the form of heat transfer. In addition, there is the Third Law of Thermodynamics (Nernst Heat Theorem), which states that the entropy of the ground state is zero based on quantum mechanics. [Seiji Miyashita] First Law of Thermodynamics There are two ways to raise the temperature of an object: by contacting a high heat source with the object and by the friction of the motion caused by work. This has made it clear that the transfer of heat is a form of energy transfer. The law of conservation of energy, which includes this form of energy transfer called heat, is called the first law of thermodynamics. If the total energy of an object is considered to be internal energy U , and the change in this energy is expressed as follows, using the work applied from the outside, d´ W , and the transfer of heat , d´ Q : [Seiji Miyashita] Second Law of ThermodynamicsThis law states that heat flows irreversibly from a hotter region to a colder region. This law is expressed in various ways. For example, "heat cannot move from a colder region to a hotter region without leaving any external change" (Clausius principle) or "heat cannot be converted into work without leaving any external change" (Thomson principle). Although the two seem different at first glance, they can be proven to be equivalent. From this principle, we can introduce the definition of temperature T , and further define the quantity S of entropy as a thermodynamic function for heat transfer. Using these, d ' Q = TdS for a reversible process. The definitions of temperature and entropy are arbitrary within the range that satisfies this relationship, but the temperature of the gas thermometer used in Boyle's law is usually adopted. The second law of thermodynamics can be expressed as dS ≧ d ' Q / T for the transfer of heat accompanying any change of state. This law violates time reversal symmetry, and there have been various discussions about its microscopic origin. [Seiji Miyashita] The fundamental equations of thermodynamics The first and second laws of thermodynamics are related as follows: [Seiji Miyashita] [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
熱力学の原理、つまり基本法則は、まず熱平衡状態の存在を規定する熱力学第ゼロ法則、熱と仕事の関係を与える熱力学第一法則、熱の移動形態を与える熱力学第二法則がある。さらに、量子力学に基づき基底状態のエントロピーがゼロであるとする熱力学第三法則(ネルンストの熱定理)がある。 [宮下精二] 熱力学第一法則物体の温度を上げるために、高熱源と接することでの熱流入による温度上昇と、仕事によって生じる運動の摩擦による温度上昇の二つの方法があることから、熱の移動はある種のエネルギー移動形態であることが明らかになった。この熱というエネルギー移動形態を含めたエネルギー保存法則を熱力学第一法則という。物体がもつ全エネルギーを内部エネルギーUとし、その変化を、外から加わった仕事d´Wと熱の移動d´Qを用いて [宮下精二] 熱力学第二法則熱の流れは高温部から低温部に向かって不可逆に起きることを表す法則である。この法則はさまざまな形で表現される。たとえば「外部になんら変化を残さずに、熱が低温部から高温部へ移動することはない」(クラウジウスの原理)や「外部になんら変化を残さずに、熱が全部仕事に変わることはない」(トムソンの原理)などである。両者は一見異なっているように思われるが等価であることが証明できる。この原理から、温度Tの定義を導入することができ、さらに熱の移動に関して、熱力学関数としてエントロピーという量Sを定義することができる。これらを用いると可逆過程ではd'Q=TdSとなる。温度とエントロピーの定義はこの関係を満たす範囲で任意性をもつが、通常、ボイル‐シャルルの法則で用いられる気体温度計の温度を採用する。熱力学第二法則は、任意の状態の変化に伴う熱の移動に対してdS≧d'Q/Tと表すことができる。この法則は時間反転対称性を破るものであり、そのミクロな起源に関して種々の議論がなされている。 [宮下精二] 熱力学の基本方程式熱力学の第一、第二法則は次の関係 [宮下精二] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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