Thermal expansion

Japanese: 熱膨張 - ねつぼうちょう(英語表記)thermal expansion
Thermal expansion

The phenomenon in which the volume of an object increases with an increase in temperature. The thermal expansion ratio of an object under constant pressure expressed as a ratio to temperature change is called the thermal expansion coefficient. This generally varies depending on temperature and pressure. The thermal expansion ratio expressed as the volume change ratio is called the volumetric expansion coefficient, and is defined by the following formula.


Here, V is the volume of the object and T is the temperature. Let V be the volume at 0°C.

If we use the density of the object ρ instead of V ,

In solids, the linear expansion coefficient, which expresses the change in temperature of the length L of the object, is

is sometimes used. For isotropic substances, the relationship β ≈ 3α exists. Liquids have a thermal expansion coefficient that is about one order of magnitude larger than solids (about 10 -4 per 1 K of absolute temperature), and mercury and alcohol are used in thermometers. The thermal expansion of gases is even larger, and the volumetric expansion coefficient of an ideal gas is equal to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature of the freezing point of water, β = 1/273.15 (K -1 ), regardless of temperature, pressure, or type of gas. When a liquid is placed in a container, the thermal expansion shown relative to the container is the apparent expansion, and when the apparent volumetric expansion with respect to a temperature change dT is dV , ε = (1/ V ) dV / dT is called the apparent expansion coefficient, and ε = β 1 - β 2. Here, β 1 and β 2 are the volumetric expansion coefficients of the liquid and the container material, respectively.

[Kenichi Hirano and Yoshiaki Iijima]

[Reference] | Temperature

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体の体積が温度の上昇に伴って増加する現象。圧力一定のもとでの物体の熱膨張比率を温度変化に対する割合として表したものを熱膨張率という。これは一般に温度および圧力によって変化する。熱膨張比率を体積変化比率で表したものを体膨張率といい、次式で定義される。


ただし、Vはその物体の体積であり、Tは温度である。0℃における体積をV0として

とする場合もある。Vのかわりに物体の密度ρを使うと

とも書ける。固体においては、物体の長さLの温度変化を表す線膨張率

を用いることもある。等方性物質ではβ≈3αの関係がある。液体は固体に比べて約1桁(けた)大きい熱膨張率(絶対温度1K当り10-4くらい)をもっており、水銀やアルコールは温度計に利用されている。気体の熱膨張はさらに大きく、理想気体の体膨張率は、温度、圧力、および気体の種類によらずに、水の氷点の絶対温度の逆数に等しく、β=1/273.15(K-1)である。液体が容器に入れられている場合、その容器に相対的に示す熱膨張は見かけの膨張であり、温度変化dTに対する見かけの体積膨張をdVとしたときε=(1/V)dV/dTを見かけの膨張率といい、ε=β1-β2である。ただしβ1およびβ2はそれぞれ液体および容器材料の体膨張率である。

[平野賢一・飯島嘉明]

[参照項目] | 温度

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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