In general, it refers to an innovative artistic movement (avant-garde) at the forefront of the times, but politically, it refers to the so-called proletarian vanguard party in the revolution. Originally, it was a military term referring to an elite unit that led the main force on the battlefield and broke through enemy obstructions, but it was adapted to the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and was applied to the "party" that led the proletarian class. The necessity and position of the vanguard in the proletarian revolution was first established by Karl Marx, and its organizational theory was explained by Vladimir Lenin in What is to be Done? (1902). According to Marxism-Leninism, the proletarian masses can only have a unionist consciousness naturally, and therefore cannot be revolutionary on their own, so the role of the vanguard is to bring in communist consciousness from outside and develop it into a revolutionary one. Lenin distinguished between mass organizations, mass parties, and vanguard parties, and put forward his own theory of vanguard party organization based on an elite small group of professional revolutionaries. After the Bolshevik Revolution, Communist parties were organized in various countries under the guidance of Comintern, using this vanguard party theory as a model. In Japan, the first Japanese Communist Party was formed in July 1922 as the Japanese branch of Comintern. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
一般には,時代の最先端をいく革新的な芸術運動(アバンギャルド)をさすが,政治的には,革命におけるいわゆるプロレタリア前衛党をいう。本来は戦場で本隊の先頭に立ち,敵の妨害をはねのけて突破する精鋭部隊をさす軍事用語であったが,これがブルジョアジーとプロレタリアの階級闘争に転用され,プロレタリア階級の先頭に立つ「党」に適用された。プロレタリア革命における前衛の必要性と位置づけは,カール・マルクスにより初めてなされ,ウラジーミル・レーニンの『なにをなすべきか』(1902)においてその組織論的解明がなされた。マルクス=レーニン主義によれば,プロレタリア大衆は自然発生的には組合主義的意識しかもちえず,したがってそのままでは革命的でありえないため,外部から共産主義的意識をもたらし,これを革命的に展開されるのが前衛の役割とされている。レーニンは大衆組織,大衆政党,前衛政党とを区別して,職業革命家による少数精鋭主義の独自の前衛党組織論を打出した。ボルシェビキ革命後,この前衛党理論を模範にしてコミンテルンの指導下に各国に共産党が組織された。日本においても 1922年7月コミンテルン日本支部として第1次日本共産党が結成された。
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