The phenomenon of fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid is called lactic acid fermentation, and the bacteria involved in this are called lactic acid bacteria. The main bacteria that cause lactic acid fermentation are the spherical Streptococcus genus and the rod-shaped Lactobacillus genus. Both are gram-positive and facultative anaerobic. Lactic acid fermentation produces two molecules of lactic acid from a hexose molecule, and there are cases where this occurs with almost no other by-products, and cases where it occurs with by-products such as alcohol, acetic acid, succinic acid, and carbon dioxide in addition to lactic acid. The former is called normal lactic acid fermentation or homolactic fermentation, and the bacteria involved in this are called normal lactic acid bacteria. The latter is called heterolactic fermentation or heterolactic fermentation, and the bacteria involved in this are called heterolactic acid bacteria. [Masami Soneda] Classification[1] Coccoid lactic acid bacteria Coccoid lactic acid bacteria are classified into the following four genera based on morphology and biochemical properties. (1) Streptococcus : Normal lactic acid bacteria, bipartite or streptococci. S. pyogenes of this genus is the causative bacterium of hemolytic streptococcus (hemolytic streptococcosis). (2) Leuconostoc : Atypical lactic acid bacteria, bipartite or streptococci. L. mesenteroides of this genus is a producer of dextran (a substitute for plasma). (3) Pediococcus : Normal lactic acid bacteria that produce inactive lactic acid, bipartite or tetrapartite. P. pentosaceus of this genus is involved in the fermentation of pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, pickles, and silage. (4) Aerococcus : Normal lactic acid bacteria that produce dextrorotatory lactic acid, bipartite or tetrapartite. A. viridans , a member of this genus, is a human pathogen that causes endocarditis and ureteritis. [2] Rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria All rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria belong to the genus Lactobacillus . The length and motility of the bacteria in this genus vary, and some have peritrichous hairs. They are gram-positive, but may become gram-negative with age. They are facultative anaerobic, but can also grow aerobically and sometimes become obligately anaerobic. There are homozygous and heterozygous fermentation types, and the growth temperatures are also diverse. The representative bacterium of the Lactobacillus genus is L. delbrueckii, a homolactic fermentation bacterium. In addition, L. bulgaricus is used to make yogurt and lactic acid drinks. L. acidophilus is used to make sour milk and acidophilus milk, and since this bacterium resides in the intestines, it is said to settle there and regulate the intestines. L. plantarum is a fermentation bacterium used in pickles, and is the main source of their sourness. [Masami Soneda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
糖類を発酵して、乳酸を生成する現象を乳酸発酵といい、これに関与する細菌を乳酸菌という。乳酸発酵をおこす細菌の主要なものは、球状のストレプトコックス属と桿(かん)状のラクトバチルス属である。いずれもグラム陽性で、通性嫌気性である。乳酸発酵では、六炭糖分子から2分子の乳酸を生ずるが、このとき、ほとんど他の副産物を伴わない場合と、乳酸のほかに、アルコール、酢酸、コハク酸、二酸化炭素などの副産物を伴う場合とがある。前者を正常乳酸発酵あるいはホモ乳酸発酵とよび、これに関与する細菌を正常乳酸菌という。後者を異型乳酸発酵あるいはヘテロ乳酸発酵とよび、これに関与する細菌を異型乳酸菌という。 [曽根田正己] 分類〔1〕球状乳酸菌 球状乳酸菌は、形態および生化学的性質によって次の4属に分類される。(1)ストレプトコックス属Streptococcus 正常乳酸菌で、二連または連鎖球菌。この属のS. pyogenesは溶連菌症(溶血性連鎖球菌症)の原因菌である。(2)レウコノストック属Leuconostoc 異型乳酸菌で、二連または連鎖球菌。この属のL. mesenteroidesはデキストラン(血漿(けっしょう)の代用物)の生産菌である。(3)ペディオコックス属Pediococcus 不活性の乳酸をつくる正常乳酸菌で、二連または四連球菌。この属のP. pentosaceusはザウアークラウト、ピクルス、サイレージなど漬物類の発酵に関与する。(4)アエロコックス属Aerococcus 右旋性の乳酸をつくる正常乳酸菌で、二連または四連球菌。この属のA. viridansはヒトの病原菌で、心内膜炎や輸尿管炎などをおこす。 〔2〕桿状乳酸菌 桿状乳酸菌は、すべてラクトバチルス属(乳酸桿菌属)Lactobacillusに含まれる。本属に含まれる菌の長さ、運動性はさまざまで、周毛をもつこともある。グラム陽性であるが、老化すると陰性となる場合がある。また、通性嫌気性であるが、好気的にも生育し、ときおり偏性嫌気性となる。発酵型にはホモ(同型)とヘテロ(異型)があり、生育温度も多様である。 ラクトバチルス属の代表菌はホモ乳酸発酵菌であるL. delbrueckiiである。このほか、L. bulgaricusはヨーグルトや乳酸飲料をつくるのに利用される。L. acidophilusはサワーミルクやアシドフィルスミルクをつくるために使われるが、本菌が腸内に存在することから、腸内に定着して整腸作用をもつとされる。L. plantarumは漬物の発酵菌で、酸味は主としてこれによっている。 [曽根田正己] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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