Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan

(1) This treaty replaced the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, which was concluded as one of the Ansei Five-Power Treaties. It was signed on November 22, 1894 (Meiji 27) and came into force five years later on July 17, 1911 (Meiji 44). It was based on the principles of freedom of commerce and navigation and national treatment, abolished consular jurisdiction, and restored tariff autonomy, with the exception of some restrictions. (2) The New Japan-US Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, signed on February 21, 1911 (Meiji 44). The old treaty had a reservation clause that allowed the US government to restrict Japanese immigration through domestic laws. The number of Japanese immigrants increased significantly after 1900, when the US established the Hawaiian Dependency, and in order to prevent discriminatory laws from being enacted, the Japanese government voluntarily restricted immigration by concluding the Japan-US Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907 and 1908. However, the immigration problem was not resolved, so a new treaty was concluded that took effect at the same time as the old treaty expired, deleted the reservation clause, and completely restored tariff autonomy. At the same time, the Japanese government conveyed a declaration to the U.S. government that it would maintain the Gentlemen's Agreement, but the U.S. unilaterally abolished the Gentlemen's Agreement in 1924 (Taisho 13) through the Japanese Exclusion Immigration Act. On July 26, 1939 (Showa 14), the U.S. notified the abolition of the treaty in protest of Japan's invasion of China. Foreign Minister Nomura Kichisaburo attempted to conclude a provisional agreement with Ambassador Grew to Japan, but was unsuccessful, and the agreement expired on January 26, 1940. (3) The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Japan, signed in April 1953 (Showa 28) following the coming into force of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. It is based on the principles of most-favored-nation and national treatment to promote commerce and investment exchange between Japan and the U.S. It was the first trade treaty Japan concluded with the former Allied Powers after World War II.

[Michio Fujimura]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chronology of Japanese Diplomacy and Major Documents, Volumes 1 and 2 (1955, United Nations Association, reprint edition, 1965, 1966, Hara Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

（1）安政(あんせい)五か国条約の一つとして結んだ日米修好通商条約にかわり、1894年（明治27）11月22日調印、5年後の99年7月17日効力を発生した条約。通商航海の自由と内国民待遇を原則とし、領事裁判権を撤廃し、多少の束縛を除き関税自主権も回復した。（2）1911年（明治44）2月21日調印の日米新通商航海条約。旧条約には日本人移民をアメリカ政府が国内法で制約できる留保条項があった。日本人移民はアメリカのハワイ属領制実施の1900年から著しく増加、日本政府は差別的法律が制定されるのを防ぐため、07、08年日米紳士協約を結び、自主的に移民を制限した。しかし移民問題は解決されなかったので、旧条約の終了と同時に有効となる新条約を結び、留保条項を削除し関税自主権を完全に回復した。日本政府は同時に紳士協約の維持宣言をアメリカ政府に伝えたが、アメリカは24年（大正13）排日移民法により紳士協約を一方的に廃棄した。39年（昭和14）7月26日、アメリカは日本の中国侵略に抗議して条約の廃棄を通告。野村吉三郎(きちさぶろう)外相はグルー駐日大使と暫定協定締結を試みたが成功せず、40年1月26日失効した。（3）サンフランシスコ講和条約の発効に伴って1953年（昭和28）4月調印された日米友好通商航海条約。日米間の通商および投資交流の促進のための最恵国および内国民待遇の原則を基礎としている。日本が第二次世界大戦後に旧連合国と締結した最初の通商条約である。

［藤村道生］

『外務省編『日本外交年表並主要文書』上下（1955・国際連合協会／復刻版・1965、66・原書房）』

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