Needham, Joseph

Japanese: ニーダム（英語表記）Needham， Joseph

Born: December 9, 1900, London
[Died] March 24, 1995. British biochemist and historian of science from Cambridge. He studied biochemistry under F. G. Hopkins at Cambridge University and obtained his doctorate (1924). He became a lecturer at the same university. He later taught at Stanford, Yale, Oxford, and other universities. He was a pioneer in developmental biochemistry, and published works such as Chemical embryology (vol. 3, 31). He also joined the left-wing debate as a progressive scientist along with J. Huxley and others. In 1937, he shifted his interest to China, and in 1942 he traveled to China as the head of the Sino-British Scientific Cooperation Agency and scientific advisor to the British Embassy. During his stay (1942-1946), he began preparations for his magnum opus Science and civilization in China (published from 1954). After the Second World War, he served as the first Dean of the Department of Science of UNESCO (46-48), and as Warden of Gonville and Keith College, Cambridge (66-77). After his retirement, he established the Institute of the History of Science in East Asia, became its director, and completed his book Science and Civilization in China. His books include The Titration of Civilization (70) and Scholars and Craftsmen, East and West (70).

Needham
Needham, John Turberville

Born: September 10, 1713, London
[Died] December 30, 1781, Brussels. British naturalist and Roman Catholic theologian. He lectured on rhetoric and other subjects at Catholic schools. Ordained in 1738. While devoting himself to his teaching and priestly duties, he devoted himself to the study of microorganisms using a microscope. He collaborated with G. Buffon and others. He was the first Catholic to be elected to the Royal Society (1768). He also served as president of the Imperial Academy in Brussels (1768-1780). He discovered microorganisms in meat juice that had been sealed after cooking, and announced this as experimental evidence for spontaneous generation (45). This caused a great sensation at the time, and sparked a controversy, especially with L. Spallanzani, who denied the theory of spontaneous generation.

Needham
Needham, Rodney

Born May 15, 1923 in Welling, Kent. British social anthropologist. Studied at the University of London, Oxford, and Leiden. Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Oxford. His major works include Structure and Sentiment (1962) and Beliefe, Language and Experience (72).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1900.12.9. ロンドン
[没]1995.3.24. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの生化学者，科学史家。ケンブリッジ大学で，F.G.ホプキンズのもとに生化学を専攻し学位取得 (1924) 。同大学の講師となる。その後スタンフォード，エール，オックスフォードの各大学などで教鞭をとる。発生生化学の先駆として業績を上げ，『化学的発生学』 Chemical embryology (3巻，31) などの著書がある。また J.ハクスリーらとともに進歩的科学者として左翼の論陣に加わった。 1937年から中国に関心を移し，42年に中英科学協力機関の首脳，イギリス大使館の科学顧問として中国におもむき，滞在中 (42～46) にのちの大著『中国の科学と文明』 Science and civilization in China (54年より刊行) の準備を始める。第2次世界大戦後，ユネスコの初代科学部長をつとめた (46～48) ほかは，ケンブリッジにあり，ゴンビル・アンド・キースカレッジの学長をつとめ (66～77) ，引退後は東アジア科学史研究所をつくって，その所長となり，『中国の科学と文明』の完成につとめた。著書に『文明の滴定』 (70) ，『東と西の学者と工匠』 (70) などがある。

ニーダム
Needham， John Turberville

[生]1713.9.10. ロンドン
[没]1781.12.30. ブリュッセル
イギリスの博物学者，ローマ・カトリックの神学者。カトリックの学校で修辞学などを講義。 1738年司祭。教職，聖職に献身するかたわら，顕微鏡を用いた微生物の研究に打込む。 G.ビュフォンらとも共同研究を行なった。カトリック教徒としては初のロイヤル・ソサエティ会員に選ばれた (1768) 。またブリュッセルの帝国アカデミー総裁としても活躍 (68～80) 。加熱後密封した肉汁に微生物を発見し，自然発生説の実験的証拠として発表 (45) ，当時大きな反響を呼び，特に自然発生説を否定する L.スパランツァニとの間に論争を引起した。

ニーダム
Needham， Rodney

[生]1923.5.15. ケント，ウェリング
イギリスの社会人類学者。ロンドン大学，オックスフォード大学，ライデン大学に学ぶ。オックスフォード大学社会人類学教授。主著『構造と感情』 Structure and Sentiment (1962) ，『信仰，言語，経験』 Beliefe，Language and Experience (72) 。

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