Guizot (English spelling) François Pierre Guillaume Guizot

French politician and historian. Born in Nîmes to a Protestant lawyer's family, he moved to Geneva after his father was executed during the Reign of Terror. He went to Paris in 1805 to study law and literature, and from 1812 taught modern history at the University of Paris. Guided by his friend around this time, Loyer-Collard, he entered politics, and after the Restoration of the Monarchy (1814), he became Secretary-General of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Justice. Together with Loyer-Collard and others, he formed the Doctrinaires, who advocated gradual reform and rejected radical change and restoration. After the collapse of the liberal Decaze cabinet (1820), he returned to teaching, but also criticized the government from the standpoint of bourgeois liberalism. His works, such as "History of the English Revolution" and "History of European Civilization," which were written between 1826 and 1830 and made him famous, were historical works that aimed to justify his own political positions. He contributed to the victory of Louis Philippe during the July Revolution (1830), and served as Minister of the Interior and Minister of Public Education in the 1830s, but his political leanings became more conservative. As Minister of Public Education, he enacted the Guizot Law (1833) to promote primary education, but it was not very effective because it did not mandate free compulsory education. In the 1840s, he served as ambassador to Britain, and then as Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, and occupied the center of the government until the February Revolution (1848). As his words "Work and save, get rich" indicate, his policies put the interests of the bourgeoisie first. He maintained limited suffrage based on property, and attempted to build railways and expand financial institutions through legislation, but this led to corruption due to vested interests. In diplomacy, he focused on improving relations with Britain, but was unable to achieve success due to being caught between British interests and the growing nationalism in France. After the February Revolution, he returned to France after a year of exile in Britain, but he was no longer able to play a political role and spent his days withdrawing to his estate in Normandy and writing.

[Takashi Sakagami]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

フランスの政治家、歴史家。ニームの新教徒の弁護士の家に生まれる。父が恐怖政治のもとで死刑に処せられたのち、ジュネーブに移った。1805年にパリに出て法律と文学を修め、1812年からパリ大学で近代史の講座を担当した。このころ親交を結んだロアイエ・コラールに導かれて政界に入り、王政復古（1814）後、内務省、法務省の事務局長の職につく一方、ロアイエ・コラールらとともに、過激な変革と復古を排して漸進的改革を唱えるドクトリネール（純理派）を形成した。自由主義的なドカズ内閣の崩壊（1820）後、教壇に復帰する一方、ブルジョア自由主義の立場から政府批判の論陣を張った。1826～1830年に書かれ彼の文名を高めた『イギリス革命史』『ヨーロッパ文明史』などは、歴史の書であると同時に、自己の政治的立場の正当化を目ざすものでもあった。七月革命（1830）の際にはルイ・フィリップの勝利に貢献し、1830年代には内務相、公教育相を歴任したが、政治的には保守的傾向を強めた。公教育相としては、初等教育の普及のためにギゾー法（1833）を制定したが、無償の義務教育を命ずるものでなかったから、あまり実効はなかった。1840年代には駐英大使を経て、外相、首相になり、二月革命（1848）まで政権の中心を占めた。「労働と貯蓄によって金持ちになりたまえ」ということばが示すように、彼の政策はブルジョアの利害を第一義としていた。財産による制限選挙の堅持、立法による鉄道建設や金融機関の拡充が図られたが、それは利権に絡まる腐敗を惹起(じゃっき)した。外交面では対イギリス関係の改善を軸としたが、イギリスの利害と強まりつつある国内のナショナリズムに挟まれて成功を収めなかった。二月革命後、1年間イギリスに亡命ののち帰国したが、もはや政治的活躍の舞台は得られず、ノルマンディーの所領に引きこもり、著述の日々を送った。

［阪上　孝］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例