Nijo Castle

Japanese: 二条城 - にじょうじょう
Nijo Castle

A castle from the Edo period. It is located at Horikawa Nishiiri, Nijo-dori, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto City. There was also a Nijo Castle in the Sengoku period, but its location was different from the Edo-period Nijo Castle. The Sengoku-period Nijo Castle was built in 1569 (Eiroku 12) by Oda Nobunaga for Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, and was located in Kageyukoji Muromachi, west of the current Kyoto Imperial Palace, and is estimated to have been within the area bounded by Izumi-dori (Konoe-oji) to the north, Sawaragi-cho-dori (Nakamikado-oji) to the south, Karasuma-dori to the east, and Shinmachi-dori to the west. Yoshiaki was exiled in 1573 (Tensho 1), and the castle was burned down by Nobunaga. Nobunaga began construction of a new castle in 1576, and it was completed around 1579. It was given to Prince Sanehito and called Nijo Palace. During the Honnoji Incident in 1582, it was this Nijo Palace that Nobutada (Nobunaga's eldest son) who was at Myokakuji Temple entered and defended. The palace was located in Oshi-koji Muromachi, next to Myokakuji Temple to the east.

Nijo Castle in the Edo period was first built by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Nominally as a place to stay when he went to Kyoto, it is thought to have been following the example of Nobunaga (Nijo Castle and Nijo Palace) and Hideyoshi (Jurakudai), who built castles in the center of Kyoto, and it can also be said that he built a place to receive the proclamation of Shogun in anticipation of becoming Shogun. The order to build the castle was given in 1601 (Keicho 6), and it was almost completed the following year. It was located in the Ninomaru area of ​​the current Nijo Castle, and a five-story castle tower was also built. Then, in 1624 (Kan'ei 1), the third Shogun Iemitsu began expansion work. By 1626, the west side of the Ninomaru and the Honmaru area of ​​the current Nijo Castle had been expanded, and it became the size we see today. After this, Emperor Gomizunoo made visits to the castle. In 1750 (Kan'en 3), the castle tower was burned down by a lightning strike, and in 1788 (Tenmei 8), the Honmaru Palace was also burned down. The Honmaru Palace currently located in the Honmaru was moved from Katsura Palace in 1896 (Meiji 29). The Ninomaru Palace is the remains of a complete castle palace, consisting of the Tozamurai (Entrance Hall), Kurumayose (Carriage Hall), Ceremonial Stage, Great Hall, Sotetsu-no-ma (Sailboat Hall), Kuroshoin (Small Hall), Shiroshoin (Throne Room) (all national treasures), a kitchen, a Karamon gate, etc. Other remains include the East Otemon Gate, West Otemon Gate, North Otemon Gate, and corner turrets (southeast corner turret, southwest corner turret). After Iemitsu went to Kyoto in 1634 (Kan'ei 11), no other Shoguns went to Kyoto until the 14th Shogun, Iemochi, and a castle lord was appointed. In 1867 (Keio 3), the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu, made a ceremony to return power to the Emperor at this castle. In 1884 (Meiji 17), it became Nijo Imperial Villa, and in 1939 (Showa 14), it was bestowed upon the city of Kyoto and opened to the public. The castle has a simple layout consisting of only the Honmaru and the Ninomaru surrounding it, and has the shape of a residential castle.

It was said that Ninomaru Palace was a relocated structure from Jurakudai Palace, but a repair survey revealed that it was built during the major renovations of 1624-44 (Kan'ei 1-Shoho 1). However, the structure of the Karamon Gate, Enzai, Shikidai, Ohiroma, Satetsu-no-ma, Kuroshoin, and Shiroshoin buildings, which are connected together, conveys the style of the large-scale Shoin-zukuri style of architecture from the Momoyama period. There are many paintings on the walls and partitions inside the buildings, the Shiroshoin was painted by Kano Koi, the Kuroshoin by Kano Naonobu, and other Kano school painters including Tan'yu. The garden, designated as a Special Place of Scenic Beauty, is believed to have been created at the time of the palace's founding in the Keicho era, and is said to have been created by Kobori Enshu. There is no definite proof that it was created by Enshu, but it is undoubtedly a representative garden of the early Edo period, even though it was modified throughout the Edo period. Nijo Castle was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1994 (Heisei 6). (World Heritage Site. Kyoto's cultural assets include 17 shrines, temples, and castles, including Kiyomizu-dera Temple.)

[Tetsuo Owada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸期の城。京都市中京(なかぎょう)区二条通堀川(ほりかわ)西入ルにある。戦国期にも二条城があり、江戸期の二条城とは位置が異なっている。戦国期の二条城は、1569年(永禄12)織田信長が将軍足利義昭(あしかがよしあき)のために築いたもので、場所は現在の京都御所の西隣、勘解由小路室町(かげゆこうじむろまち)で、北は出水(いずみ)通り(近衛(このえ)大路)、南は椹木(さわらぎ)町通り(中御門(なかみかど)大路)の線、東は烏丸(からすま)通り、西は新町通りの線に囲まれる範囲であったと推定される。義昭は1573年(天正1)追放され、城は信長によって焼き払われた。信長は1576年から新しい築城工事を始め、1579年ごろに完成し、誠仁(さねひと)親王に与えられ、二条御所の名でよばれていた。1582年の本能寺の変のとき、妙覚寺にいた信忠(のぶただ)(信長の長男)が入って防戦したのはこの二条御所のほうであった。場所は押小路室町(おしのこうじむろまち)で、妙覚寺の東隣である。

 江戸期の二条城は、初め徳川家康によって築かれた。名目は上洛(じょうらく)の際の宿所であったが、洛中に築城した信長(二条城・二条御所)、秀吉(聚楽第(じゅらくだい))の先例に倣ったものとみられるし、また将軍になることを予想し、将軍宣下(せんげ)を受ける場所を築いたものということができる。1601年(慶長6)築城の命令が出され、翌年にはほとんどできあがっている。場所は現在の二条城の二の丸部分で、5層の天守閣も築かれていた。ついで1624年(寛永1)3代将軍家光によって拡張工事が始められた。1626年にかけて現在の二条城の二の丸西側、本丸部分が拡張され、現在みられる規模になったのである。このあと、後水尾(ごみずのお)天皇の行幸が行われている。1750年(寛延3)に天守閣が落雷により焼失、1788年(天明8)には本丸御殿も焼失してしまった。現在本丸にある本丸御殿は1896年(明治29)桂宮(かつらのみや)殿舎を移したものである。二の丸御殿は、遠侍(とおざむらい)、車寄(くるまよせ)、式台、大広間、蘇鉄之間(そてつのま)、黒書院(くろしょいん)(小広間)、白書院(御座の間)(以上国宝)、台所、唐門などからなる完全な城郭御殿の遺構であり、そのほかに、東大手門、西大手門、北大手門、隅櫓(すみやぐら)(東南隅櫓、西南隅櫓)などの遺構がある。家光が1634年(寛永11)に上洛してからのちは、14代将軍家茂(いえもち)が上洛するまで歴代の将軍は上洛せず、城代(じょうだい)が置かれていた。1867年(慶応3)この城で15代将軍慶喜(よしのぶ)が大政奉還の上表を行っている。1884年(明治17)二条離宮となり、1939年(昭和14)京都市に下賜され一般に公開されることになった。城は本丸とそれを取り巻く二の丸だけの単純な縄張りで、居館風城郭の形状を示している。

 二の丸御殿は聚楽第の遺構を移したものとの伝承があったが、修理調査の結果、1624~44年(寛永1~正保1)の大改築の際に築かれたものであることが明らかになった。しかし、唐門、遠侍、式台、大広間、蘇鉄之間、黒書院、白書院の諸建物が連なる形式は、大規模な桃山時代書院造の形態を伝えている。建物の内部には障壁画が多数描かれており、白書院は狩野興以(かのうこうい)、黒書院は狩野尚信(なおのぶ)と、探幽(たんゆう)を含む狩野派の画家によるものである。庭園は特別名勝に指定されており、慶長(けいちょう)の創建時の作庭とみられ、小堀遠州(こぼりえんしゅう)の作ともいわれている。遠州作との確証はないが、江戸時代を通して手が加えられてはいるものの、江戸初期の代表的な庭園であることは間違いない。二条城は1994年(平成6)、世界遺産の文化遺産として登録された(世界文化遺産。京都の文化財は清水寺など17社寺・城が一括登録されている)。

[小和田哲男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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