Nicholson, Jack

Japanese: ニコルソン（英語表記）Nicholson, Jack
Nicholson, Jack
Born April 22, 1937 in Neptune, New Jersey. American film actor. Real name John Joseph Nicholson. Known for playing outrageous outsiders who were rejected by society. Abandoned by his father, he grew up believing his grandmother to be his mother and his mother to be his sister. After graduating from high school, he worked as an office worker in the animation department of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer MGM, and appeared in minor roles on stage and on television from 1957 to 1958. Around that time, B-movie master Roger Corman cast him in the lead role of "The Cry Baby Killer" (1958). He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance as an alcoholic lawyer in Easy Rider (1969). He was also nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Five Easy Pieces (1970), establishing his stardom. After receiving nominations for The Last Detail (1973) and Chinatown (1974), he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Terms of Endearment (1983). He was nominated for his 10th Academy Award for A Few Good Men (1992), the most nominated actor in history. He broke that record with 11 nominations for As Good As It Gets (1997), and won another Academy Award for Best Actor.

Nicholson
Nicholson, William

Born: 1753, London
[Died] May 21, 1815. London. British chemist and inventor of the electrolysis of water. He joined the East India Company (1769), went to India, and after returning to the United States (76), worked for a pottery company in Amsterdam. He then returned to London, where he worked as a teacher at a mathematics school and as a member of the patent office. In 1783, he joined the Coffee House Society, where he worked as a clerk and translated famous French chemistry books. In 1790, he invented the hydrometer, and in 1800, after hearing about the invention of the Italian A. Volta's accumulator, he built one himself. He then discovered that when lead pieces removed from the battery were placed in water, they decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, and he was the first to produce a chemical reaction using electricity. In 1797, he founded the regular scientific journals Journal of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry and the Arts. His main work is Introduction to Natural Philosophy (81).

Nicholson
Nicholson, Ben

Born: April 10, 1894, Denham, Buckinghamshire
[Died] February 6, 1982, London British abstract painter. Son of Sir W. Nicholson, a painter known for his Victorian-style woodblock prints. After studying at the Slade School of Art in London, he studied in Tours, France, Milan, Italy, and Pasadena, USA. He was influenced by the Vorticists in 1918, Cubism in 1920, and later Mondrian's Neoplasticism. He began painting abstract paintings around 1924, and in 1930 he created his own unique style of carving geometric forms into thin reliefs using delicate drawings and subtle effects of white and gray. He participated in groups such as "Unit One" and played a leading role in the development of abstract painting in Britain. He participated in the "Abstraction Création" group in Paris from 1933 to 1934.

Nicholson
Nicolson, Sir Harold George

Born: November 21, 1886 in Tehran
[died] May 1, 1968. Kent. British critic. In addition to his work as a diplomat, journalist and member of the House of Commons, he also wrote literary critiques such as Tennyson (1923) and Swinburne (26), and biographies such as King George V: His Life and Reign (52). His Diaries and Letters, 1930-62 (3 vols., 66-68) provide an interesting look into politics and diplomacy against the backdrop of World War II.

Nicholson
Nicholson, Norman

Born January 8, 1914, Millom, Cumberland
[Died] May 30, 1987
British poet and playwright, best known for his Heinemann Prize-winning Five Rivers (1944) and several other volumes of poetry, as well as plays and essays such as The Old Man of the Mountains (1946).

Nicholson
Nicolson, Arthur, 1st Baron of Carnock

Born: September 19, 1849, London
[Died] November 5, 1928. London. British diplomat. Ambassador to Madrid (1904-06) and St. Petersburg (1906-10). During that time he played an active role in the Algeciras Conference in 1906. In 1907 he established the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1937.4.22. ニュージャージー，ネプチューン
アメリカ合衆国の映画俳優。本名 John Joseph Nicholson。社会からつまはじきにされた破天荒なアウトサイダーを演じることに定評がある。父親に見捨てられ，祖母を母，母を姉と信じて育った。高校卒業後はメトロ＝ゴールドウィン＝メイヤー MGMのアニメーション部門で事務職として働き，1957～58年に舞台やテレビに端役として出演。その頃 B級映画の名匠ロジャー・コーマンにより "The Cry Baby Killer"（1958）の主役に抜擢された。『イージー・ライダー』Easy Rider（1969）でアルコール依存症の弁護士を好演し，アカデミー賞にノミネート。さらに『ファイブ・イージー・ピーセス』Five Easy Pieces（1970）では主演を務めてオスカー候補となり，スターの地位を確立した。『さらば冬のかもめ』The Last Detail（1973），『チャイナタウン』Chinatown（1974）でのノミネートを経て，『カッコーの巣の上で』One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest（1975）でついにアカデミー賞主演男優賞に輝いた。『愛と追憶の日々』Terms of Endearment（1983）ではアカデミー賞助演男優賞を受賞。『ア・フュー・グッドメン』A Few Good Men（1992）で 10回目のアカデミー賞候補となり，男優として史上最多ノミネートを記録。その記録を 11回に塗り替えた『恋愛小説家』As Good As It Gets（1997）で再びアカデミー賞主演男優賞を受賞した。

ニコルソン
Nicholson， William

[生]1753. ロンドン
[没]1815.5.21. ロンドン
イギリスの化学者，水の電気分解の発明者。東インド会社に入り (1769) ，インドに行き，帰国後 (76) ，アムステルダムの陶器会社に勤務。その後ロンドンに戻り，数学学校の教師，特許局局員などを経る。 1783年コーヒー・ハウス協会に入会，書記として活躍するとともに，フランスの著名な化学書の翻訳に努めた。 90年液体比重計を発明，1800年イタリアの A.ボルタの蓄電池の発明を聞いて自分でもそれを製作。次いで電池から取出した鉛片を水中に入れると水素と酸素に分解することを発見，初めて電気による化学反応を起させた。 1797年定期科学雑誌『自然哲学，化学および技術の雑誌』 Journal of Natural Philosophy，Chemistry and the Artsを創刊。主著『自然科学入門』 Introduction to Natural Philosophy (81) 。

ニコルソン
Nicholson， Ben

[生]1894.4.10. バッキンガムシャー，デナム
[没]1982.2.6. ロンドン
イギリスの抽象画家。ビクトリア朝風の木版画で知られる画家 W.ニコルソン卿の子。ロンドンのスレード美術学校に学んだのち，フランスのツール，イタリアのミラノ，アメリカのパサディナで学ぶ。 1918年に渦巻派，20年にキュビスム，のちにはモンドリアンの新造形主義に影響を受ける。 24年頃から抽象画を描き，30年には繊細なデッサンと白と灰色の微妙な効果を用いて幾何学的なフォルムを薄浮彫にする独自の画風を創造。「ユニット・ワン」などのグループに参加し，イギリスの抽象絵画の発展に指導的な役割を果した。 33～34年パリの「アブストラクシオン・クレアシオン」のグループに参加。

ニコルソン
Nicolson， Sir Harold George

[生]1886.11.21. テヘラン
[没]1968.5.1. ケント
イギリスの批評家。外交官，ジャーナリスト，下院議員として活動するかたわら，『テニソン』 Tennyson (1923) ，『スウィンバーン』 Swinburne (26) などの文学評論，『ジョージ5世伝』 King George V: His Life and Reign (52) などの伝記を書く。『日記と手紙』 Diaries and Letters，1930－62 (3巻，66～68) は第2次世界大戦を背景に政治や外交の興味深い消息を伝えるもの。

ニコルソン
Nicholson， Norman

[生]1914.1.8. カンバーランド，ミロム
[没]1987.5.30
イギリスの詩人，劇作家。ハイネマン賞受賞の『五つの河』 Five Rivers (1944) ほか数巻の詩集と『山の老人』 The Old Man of the Mountains (1946) などの詩劇で知られる。また評論や地誌もある。

ニコルソン
Nicolson， Arthur， 1st Baron of Carnock

[生]1849.9.19. ロンドン
[没]1928.11.5. ロンドン
イギリスの外交官。マドリード (1904～06) ，ペテルブルグ (06～10) に大使として駐在。その間 1906年アルヘシラス会議に活躍。 07年イギリス，フランス，ロシアの三国協商を成立させた。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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