Bitterness - Bitterness

Japanese: ニガキ - にがき
Bitterness - Bitterness

A deciduous tall tree of the family Spiraea (APG classification: Spiraea). It is found in Japan, the Korean peninsula, Taiwan, China (south of the Yellow River), and India. It grows to a height of 12 meters and a trunk circumference of 1.2 meters. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, compound and 20-30 cm long. There are 5-6 pairs of leaflets, each 6-8 cm long. They are long-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with long pointed tips and sawtooth edges. They are dioecious, and the flowers have 4-5 small sepals and green perianths. In summer, they produce panicles on long stalks from the axils of the twigs. Male flowers have 4-5 stamens and one degenerate pistil, while female flowers have 4-5 incomplete stamens and one pistil. The ovary is split, resulting in 3-4 drupes. Drupes are elliptical and contain a single seed, turning black when mature. The fruit has a bitter taste, due to the bitter substance cassin it contains.

In Japan, the wood is called kuboku or nigaki, and is used as a bitter stomachic to treat indigestion, gastritis, loss of appetite, etc. In China, the trunk bark and root bark are called kujuhi, and are used to clear fevers, as a detoxifier, and as an insecticide to treat bacterial diarrhea, gastrointestinal diseases, biliary tract inflammation, roundworm disease, scabies, eczema, and hot spring burns. The pharmacological action is the same as that of the bark of Melia azedarach L., so the two are sometimes used interchangeably. In India, the bark and leaves are used as an antipyretic and insecticide, the leaves are used to treat scabies, a decoction of the bark is used to remove fleas from cattle, and the fruit is used as a stomachic.

The trunks of a different genus of the family Scutellaria native to Central and South America are called Quassia trees, and are used in the same way as bitter oak. There are two species available on the market: Suriname cassia and Jamaica cassia.

[Motoo Nagasawa October 16, 2020]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ニガキ科(APG分類:ニガキ科)の落葉高木。日本、朝鮮半島、台湾、中国(黄河以南)、インドに分布する。高さ12メートル、幹の周囲1.2メートルに達する。葉は互生し、長さ20~30センチメートルの奇数羽状複葉。小葉は5~6対で長さ6~8センチメートル。長卵形あるいは卵状披針(ひしん)形で先は長くとがり、縁(へり)に鋸歯(きょし)がある。雌雄異株で、花は4~5個の小さい萼片(がくへん)と緑色の花被(かひ)をもち、夏に小枝の葉腋(ようえき)から長い柄を出して円錐(えんすい)花序をつける。雄花は4~5個の雄蕊(ゆうずい)(雄しべ)と退化雌蕊(雌しべ)1個、雌花は4~5個の不完全雄蕊と雌蕊1個をもつ。子房が裂けているので核果は3~4個になる。核果は楕円(だえん)形で種子を1個ずつもち、成熟すると黒色を呈する。全体に苦味をもつが、これは苦味質のカッシンを含有するためである。

 日本では材を苦木(くぼく)またはニガキと称して、苦味健胃剤として消化不良、胃炎、食欲不振などの治療に用いる。中国では幹皮と根皮を苦樹皮(くじゅひ)と称して清熱、解毒、殺虫剤として細菌性下痢、胃腸病、胆道炎、回虫病、疥癬(かいせん)、湿疹(しっしん)、湯火傷などの治療に用いる。なお、薬理作用はセンダンMelia azedarach L.の樹皮(苦楝皮(くれんぴ))と同じであるため、混用されることもある。インドでは樹皮と葉を解熱、殺虫剤とするほか、葉を疥癬の治療、皮の煎液(せんえき)をウシのノミ取り、果実を健胃剤として用いる。

 中南米産のニガキ科別属の幹をカッシア木(ぼく)Quassiaといい、ニガキと同様に用いる。市場品にはスリナム・カッシア、ジャマイカ・カッシアの2種がある。

[長沢元夫 2020年10月16日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Teucrium japonicum Houtt.

>>:  Nikakai - Nikakai

Recommend

Aspasma minima (English spelling)

...Some species can reach a length of 30 cm, some...

Thermodynamics

A branch of physics that studies the thermal prop...

Thysanopoda obtusifrons (English spelling)

…Antarctic krill are abundant not only in the Ant...

Uppsala Observatory

...The Utrecht Observatory and the Kaptein Memori...

Kamo clan

An ancient clan. Also called Kamo or Kamo, clans ...

Hui - Pirate (English spelling) Hui

One of China's ethnic minorities. They have t...

Menura novaehollandiae (English spelling)

…Their tail feathers resemble a lyre, hence the n...

Ricco's law

…For a stimulus of a certain strength to produce ...

Rice exchange - beikokutorihikijo (English spelling)

An exchange for trading rice futures. Its purpose...

EUR - Euro

Universal Exposition of Roma is a new urban center...

Shimokita Peninsula

At the northern tip of Honshu, this peninsula jut...

Latitude - Ido

A coordinate system that indicates the location o...

Kenjiro Takayanagi

A pioneer of Japanese television technology. Born...

NAWSA - N.A. Double S.A.

…On the other hand, L. Stone, who recognized that...

Extraction method

A statistical survey term. Also known as sampling ...