Julius Kambarage Nyerere

Tanzanian politician and first president. Born in Musoma District in the northwest. After graduating from the Faculty of Education at Makerere University in Uganda in 1945, he became a teacher at a Catholic high school in Tabora. In 1949, he studied at the University of Edinburgh. In 1952, he returned to Uganda and began teaching in Dar es Salaam again. In 1954, he founded the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU, now the Tanzania Revolutionary Party, CCM) and became its secretary-general. He served as a member of the Legislative Council from 1958 to 1960, and became prime minister in 1961 when the country gained independence. In 1962, he became president when the country transitioned to a republic. In 1964, he became president when the United Republic of Tanzania was born after the country merged with Zanzibar. In February 1967, he announced the "Arusha Declaration," clarifying the course of African socialism and promoting Ujamaa socialism, which aimed to socialize rural areas (Ujamaa means family and fraternity in Swahili). In 1985, he retired, handing the presidency over to Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1925- ). After his retirement, he played an active role on the international stage, including as chairman of the Southern Committee, which represented the opinions of developing countries, and as a mediator in peace negotiations for the Burundian civil war. In 1987, he was elected chairman of the CCM for a third term. He criticized and intervened in Tanzanian politics. He died of illness in 1999. His books include Liberation and Unity (1969), Liberation and Socialism (1969), and Liberation and Development (1973).

[Akifumi Hayashi]

"Research on Third World Politicians" (1977), edited and published by the Japan Association of International Relations; "Nationalism and the Modern Age" by Keisuke Yamaguchi (1987, Kyushu University Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

タンザニアの政治家。初代大統領。北西部のムソマ県に生まれる。1945年ウガンダのマケレレ大学教育学部卒業後、タボラのカトリック系高校で教職につく。1949年エジンバラ大学留学。1952年帰国、再度、ダルエス・サラームで教職につく。1954年タンガニーカ・アフリカ人民族同盟（TANU。現タンザニア革命党＝CCM）結成、書記長となる。1958～1960年立法審議会議員となり、1961年独立とともに首相就任。翌1962年共和国へ移行と同時に大統領になる。1964年ザンジバルとの合併でタンザニア連合共和国誕生とともに大統領。1967年2月「アルーシャ宣言」を発表し、アフリカ社会主義路線を明確化し、農村の社会主義化を目標とするウジャマー社会主義を推進（ウジャマーはスワヒリ語で家族や友愛の意）。1985年大統領をムウィニAli Hassan Mwinyi（1925―　）に譲り引退。引退後、開発途上国の意見を代表する「南委員会」議長やブルンジ内戦の和平交渉の仲介役など、国際舞台で活躍。1987年CCM議長に3選。タンザニア政治を批判し介入した。1999年病没。著書に『解放と統一』（1969）、『解放と社会主義』（1969）、『解放と開発』（1973）がある。

［林　晃史］

『日本国際政治学会編・刊『第三世界政治家研究』（1977）』▽『山口圭介著『ナショナリズムと現代』（1987・九州大学出版会）』

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