A kingdom that ruled the southern part of the Italian peninsula from the late 13th century to the early 19th century. The Kingdom of Sicily, founded by the Normans in the 12th century, consisted of the southern part of the peninsula and Sicily, and was integrated into the King of Sicily. The throne was then passed on to the Hohenstaufen and then the Angevins, but due to the rebellion of 1282 (the "Sicilian Vespers"), control of Sicily passed to the Aragonese, and the Angevins' rule was limited to the southern part of the peninsula. Since neither family wanted to give up the title of King of Sicily, the southern part of the peninsula under the control of the Angevins came to be called the Kingdom of Naples, taking the name of the capital city, Naples (officially in 1759). Later, in 1442, Alfonso V of the Aragonese took Naples from the Angevins and combined the two kingdoms to become King of the Two Sicilies. From the late 15th century to the early 16th century, the Kingdom of Naples became a battleground between France and Spain, and with the defection of many powerful clans, control of the kingdom changed hands frequently, but it eventually came under Spanish control. Over the next century, the Kingdom of Naples lost its political independence under the Spanish governors and was forced to sacrifice its colonial economy. This period saw several major popular revolts. The Kingdom of Naples was under Austrian control from 1707 during the War of Spanish Succession (1701-14), but in 1734 it was seized by Don Carlos, son of King Philip V of Spain. In 1738, the independent Kingdom of Southern Italy was born under his rule. Since then, the kings of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty have reigned over Naples under the title of Kings of the Two Sicilies. During this period, there was a cooperative relationship between the royal family and the enlightened citizenry, but this relationship was broken with the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789). The Bourbon government of Naples allied with Britain and participated in the war against France, but fled to Sicily when Napoleon I invaded Italy. In 1799, the Parthenopean Republic was established to replace the Kingdom of Naples, but it collapsed within a few months, and the House of Bourbon was restored. However, Napoleon I, who resumed his Italian campaign, conquered the Kingdom of Naples in 1806, and first installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte (reigned 1806-08), and then his sister's husband, General Joachim Murat (reigned 1808-14), on the throne. Under French rule, the modernization of the kingdom was greatly promoted. Ferdinand IV of Bourbon (reigned 1759-1806, 1815-25; as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies he was Ferdinand I, reigned 1816-25), who had been in exile again in Sicily during this time. After the fall of Napoleon I, he returned to Naples and abolished the old Kingdom of Naples in 1816, establishing the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. [Yasuro Shigeoka] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
13世紀末から19世紀初頭までイタリア半島南部に君臨した王国。12世紀にノルマン人が建設したシチリア王国は、半島南部とシチリアからなり、シチリア王に統合された王国であった。その後、この王位はホーエンシュタウフェン家、ついでアンジュー家に受け継がれたが、1282年の乱(「シチリアの晩鐘」)により、シチリアの支配権はアラゴン家の手に渡り、アンジュー家の支配は半島南部に限られることになった。両家ともシチリア王の称号を手放そうとしなかったので、アンジュー家支配下の半島南部は首都名ナポリNapoliを冠してナポリ王国とよばれるようになった(正式には1759年)。その後、1442年にアラゴン家のアルフォンソ5世がアンジュー家よりナポリを奪い両王国を結合して両シチリア王を名のった。15世紀末から16世紀初めにかけて、ナポリ王国はフランスとスペインの角逐の場となり、豪族たちの離反も手伝って支配権はめまぐるしく交替したが、結局スペインの支配下に入った。 以後1世紀にわたり、ナポリ王国はスペイン総督の下で政治的独立性を失い、植民地経済の犠牲を強いられた。この時代には民衆の大反乱が幾度か生じた。ナポリ王国は、スペイン継承戦争(1701~14)の最中の1707年以来オーストリアの支配下に置かれたが、1734年スペイン王フェリペ5世の子ドン・カルロスによって奪取された。1738年、この王の下で独立国南イタリア王国が誕生。以後、スペイン系ブルボン王朝の諸王が両シチリア王の称号でナポリに君臨する。この時代には、王家と啓蒙(けいもう)的市民層の協力関係がみられたが、フランス革命の勃発(ぼっぱつ)(1789)とともにこの関係は破れた。ナポリのブルボン政府はイギリスと同盟を結んで対仏戦争に参加したが、ナポレオン1世のイタリア侵入によってシチリアへ亡命した。1799年、ナポリ王国にかわってパルテノペア共和国が発足したが、数か月で倒れ、ブルボン家が復帰した。しかし、イタリア遠征にふたたび着手したナポレオン1世は、1806年ナポリ王国を征服すると、最初兄ジョセフJoseph Bonaparte(在位1806~08)を、ついで妹婿ミュラJoachim Murat(在位1808~14)将軍を王位に据えた。このフランス支配下で王国の近代化は著しく促進された。この間シチリアにふたたび亡命していたブルボンのフェルディナンド4世FerdinandoⅣ (在位1759~1806、1815~25。両シチリア王国としてはフェルディナンド1世、在位1816~25)は、ナポレオン1世没落後、ナポリに帰国し、1816年旧ナポリ王国を廃止して新しく両シチリア王国を樹立した。 [重岡保郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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