Nash, John

Japanese: ナッシュ（英語表記）Nash, John
Nash, John
Born June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia
[Died] May 23, 2015. American mathematician near Monroe Township, New Jersey. Full name John Forbes Nash, Jr.. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (later renamed Carnegie Mellon University) in 1948. His doctoral thesis, "Noncooperative Games," published in the Journal of Mathematics in 1950, caused a great sensation, and he received his doctorate from Princeton University. He became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951, but resigned due to ill health in the late 1950s and returned to Princeton as a visiting scholar. He established the mathematical foundation of game theory, a branch of mathematics that studies rivals in order to win among competitors with competing interests. This theory, known as the Nash solution or Nash equilibrium theory (→ Cournot-Nash equilibrium), attempts to explain the dynamics of threats and behavior among competitors. Although it has practical limitations, Nash's theory has been widely applied to business strategies. In 1994, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences along with his collaborators John C. Harsanui and Reinhard Selten. The film A Beautiful Mind (2001), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and other awards, was based on a biography of Nash. In 2015, he was awarded the Abel Prize.

Nash
Nash, John

Born: 1752. London?
Died 13 May 1835. Cowes, Isle of Wight. British architect. Initially worked in the office of Robert Taylor. From about 1795 to 1802, he collaborated with the landscape gardener Humphrey Repton to design Luscombe (1800, Devon) and Cronkhill (1802, Shrewsbury), among others. He was highly regarded as a villa architect and was under the patronage of George IV when he was still Prince of Wales. From 1811, he was in charge of the urban planning of Regent's Park and Regent Street. He designed Park Crescent (1812-22), Park Square (1823-25), Cumberland Terrace (1826-28), and others. He served as Commissioner of Architecture from 1813 to 1815. He was in charge of the reconstruction of the Royal Pavilion (c. 1815-22), and from 1825, the reconstruction of Buckingham Palace. In his villas he used medieval and Indian-style decorations, while in Regent Street he used classical designs, making him a representative architect of the picturesque style and also important for attempting to introduce his ideas into urban planning.

Nash
Nashe (Nash), Thomas

Born: 1567. Lowestoft, Suffolk
[died] c.1601 English storyteller, poet, and playwright. Graduated from Cambridge University. One of the "university geniuses." His first work was the scathing literary critique The Anatomie of Absurditie (1589), an expansion of the preface he had written to his friend R. Green's Menorphon. He was involved in the Martin-Marplerite controversy, in which he argued against Puritanism. His novel Pierce Penilesse his Supplication to the Divell (92) satirized and mocked the state of society, and his realistic villain novel The Unfortunate Traveller (94) was a precursor to English novels. He collaborated with B. Johnson on The Isle of Dogs (97), a comedy attacking political abuses, which caused a literary scandal.

Nash
Nash, Paul

Born: May 11, 1889, London
[Died] July 11, 1946, Boscombe British painter, printmaker, illustrator and photographer. He studied painting at the Slade School of Art in London, and drew inspiration from the poetry of D. Rossetti and W. Blake to create landscapes full of literary emotion. In his twenties he discovered Cubism, which simplified his paintings and showed a more solid structure. In 1933 he formed the group Unit One. In the latter half of the 1930s he moved closer to Surrealism, and painted many landscapes composed of huge stone blocks. During World War I and World War II he was appointed as a war painter, and painted fantastical scenes from the battlefield. His representative works include Winter Sea (1925-37, City Art Gallery, York) and Megalithic Landscape (37, Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery).

Nash
Nash, Ogden

Born: August 19, 1902. Rye, New York
Died: May 19, 1971, Baltimore, Maryland. American poet. After studying at Harvard University for a time, he worked in various jobs such as editing and advertising, and from around 1935 he devoted himself to poetry. He gained popularity by publishing witty, intelligent poems full of whimsical ideas, using free verse forms and rhymes unconstrained by convention. He published many poems in The New Yorker magazine, and has many collections of poems such as The Face Is Familiar (1940), as well as musicals.

Nash
Nash, Richard

Born: October 18, 1674.
[Died] February 3, 1762.
Beau Nash was a British dandy known as the "Beau Nash." Born in Wales, he graduated from law school and made a living through gambling. In 1705, he was invited to Bath, a spa town in Somerset, where he helped turn the town into a centre of entertainment and social life.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1928.6.13. ウェストバージニア，ブルーフィールド
[没]2015.5.23. ニュージャージー，モンロータウンシップ近郊
アメリカ合衆国の数学者。フルネーム John Forbes Nash, Jr.。1948年カーネギー工科大学（のちカーネギーメロン大学に改称）で学士号と修士号を取得。1950年『数学紀要』に発表した学位論文「非協力的ゲーム」が大反響を呼び，プリンストン大学で博士号を取得。1951年マサチューセッツ工科大学の教授となったが，1950年代後半には健康を害して辞任し，プリンストン大学に客員研究員として戻る。ゲームの理論による数学的基礎，すなわち利害が交錯する競争者の間では勝つために競争相手について研究するという数学の一分野を確立した。ナッシュの解決法もしくはナッシュの均衡理論として知られるこの理論（→クールノ＝ナッシュ均衡）は，競争者間の脅威や行動のダイナミズムを説明しようとするものであった。実践的には限界があるものの，ナッシュの理論はビジネス上の戦略に広く応用された。1994年，共同で研究を進めたジョン・C.ハルサヌイ，ラインハルト・ゼルテンとともにノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。アカデミー賞作品賞などを受賞した映画『ビューティフル・マインド』A Beautiful Mind（2001）はナッシュの伝記を元にした作品。2015年アーベル賞を受賞。

ナッシュ
Nash, John

[生]1752. ロンドン?
[没]1835.5.13. ワイト島，カウズ
イギリスの建築家。初めロバート・テーラーの事務所に入る。1795年頃～1802年に造園計画家ハンフリー・レプトンと協力して，ラスクーム（1800，デボン），クロンクヒル（1802，シュルーズベリー）などを設計，別荘建築家として高い評価を受け，皇太子時代のジョージ4世の庇護を受けるようになった。1811年からリージェント公園，リージェント街の都市計画を担当。パーク・クレセント（1812～22），パーク・スクエア（1823～25），カンバーランド・テラス（1826～28）などを設計。1813～15年建築総監を務めた。ロイヤル・パビリオンの改築（1815～22頃），1825年からはバッキンガム宮殿の改築を担当した。別荘建築では，中世風またはインド風の装飾を用いる一方，リージェント街では古典主義的な意匠を用い，ピクチャレスクを代表する建築家であるとともに，その思想を都市計画に導入することを試みたことでも重要。

ナッシュ
Nashe(Nash)， Thomas

[生]1567. サフォーク，ローストフト
[没]1601頃
イギリスの物語作家，詩人，劇作家。ケンブリッジ大学卒業。「大学出の才人」の一人。最初の著作は辛辣な文芸時評風の『愚行分析』 The Anatomie of Absurditie (1589) で，友人 R.グリーンの『メナーフォン』に寄せた序文を敷延したもの。いわゆる「マーティン・マープレリット論争」に巻込まれて清教主義反対の立場から論陣を張った。『文無しピアスの悪魔礼賛』 Pierce Penilesse his Supplication to the Divell (92) で世相を風刺，嘲笑し，写実的な悪者小説『不運な旅人』 The Unfortunate Traveller (94) はイギリス小説の先駆となった。政治の悪弊を攻撃した喜劇『犬の島』 The Isle of Dogs (97) を B.ジョンソンと合作，筆禍事件を起した。

ナッシュ
Nash， Paul

[生]1889.5.11. ロンドン
[没]1946.7.11. ボスクーム
イギリスの画家，版画家，イラストレーター，写真家。ロンドンのスレード美術学校で絵を学び，D.ロセッティや W.ブレークの詩から得たイメージを文学的な情緒に満ちた風景画として描いた。 20代のときキュビスムを知り，画面は単純化されより堅固な構築性を示した。 1933年にグループ「ユニット・ワン」を結成。 1930年代の後半にはシュルレアリスムに近づき，巨大な石塊によって構成された風景を多く描く。第1，2次世界大戦中，従軍画家に指名され，戦場の幻想的な光景を描いた。代表作『冬の海』 (1925～37，ヨーク，市立美術館) ，『巨石の風景』 (37，バッファロー，アルブライト・ノックス美術館) など。

ナッシュ
Nash， Ogden

[生]1902.8.19. ニューヨーク，ライ
[没]1971.5.19. メリーランド，ボルティモア
アメリカの詩人。一時ハーバード大学に在学したのち，編集，広告など種々の職業を経て 1935年頃から詩作に専念。慣習にとらわれない自由な詩型と押韻による奇想に満ちた軽妙，知的な詩を発表して人気を得た。雑誌『ニューヨーカー』に多くの詩を発表し，『見慣れた顔』 The Face Is Familiar (1940) など多数の詩集があるほか，ミュージカルも手がけている。

ナッシュ
Nash， Richard

[生]1674.10.18.
[没]1762.2.3.
イギリスの伊達男。「しゃれ者ナッシュ」 Beau Nashとして知られる。ウェールズの出身で，法学院を出たのち，賭博で身を立て，1705年サマセットの温泉地バスに招かれ，同地を娯楽と社交の中心地に仕立てた。

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