Knight, Frank Hyneman

Japanese: ナイト（英語表記）Knight， Frank Hyneman

Born November 7, 1885 in McLean, Illinois
[Died] April 15, 1972. Chicago American economist. After graduating from the University of Michigan (1911), he obtained his master's degree (13) from the University of Tennessee and his doctorate (16) from Cornell University. After teaching at Cornell and Chicago, he went on to teach at the University of Iowa (19-27) and was a professor at the University of Chicago in 1927. In 1950, he was president of the American Economic Association. His major work, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (21), considered unpredictable risk, or uncertainty, to be the true source of profit, and had a great influence later on. He also emphasized the role of the entrepreneur as the bearer of uncertainty. In the 1930s, he participated in the debate on interest on capital and attacked the Austrian school. While criticizing the free enterprise system, he also explored its ethical basis, and has written many studies on Ricardo and the history of social thought. He is also one of the founders of the Chicago school. His books include The Economic Organization (33), The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (35), and Freedom and Reform: Essays in Economics and Social Philosophy (47).

Knight
Knight, Thomas Andrew

Born: August 12, 1759, near Ludlow
[Died] May 11, 1838, London. British horticulturist and botanist. Graduated from Oxford University. He first worked on crossbreeding fruit trees and cattle, but eventually found that peas were suitable as a subject for hybridization research, and conducted practical experiments on them. As a result, he discovered that hybrids produced by crossing two types of peas with different bean colors would produce only beans of the same color as one of the parents, and that when these hybrids were crossed to produce a second generation hybrid, beans of the other color would also appear (1799). These correspond to the phenomena that G. Mendel later called dominance and segregation, respectively, and Knight is considered one of the pioneers of Mendel's research. However, he did not quantify his observations. He was also renowned as a plant physiologist, and in addition to his research on the translocation of body fluids in plants, he clarified that gravity determines the direction of growth of stems and roots (1806). He was president of the British Horticultural Society from 1811.

Knight
Knight, George Wilson

Born September 19, 1897 in Sutton, Surrey
[died] March 20, 1985, Exeter, Devon. British literary scholar, critic, actor, director and playwright. Professor at the University of Toronto (1931-40), later Professor of English Literature at the University of Leeds (1956-62). In a series of works beginning with The Wheel of Fire (30), he interpreted Shakespeare's plays symbolically. Other works include Principles of Shakespearean Production (36, revised 64) and Byron and Shakespeare (66).

Knight

Please see the Knights page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1885.11.7. イリノイ，マクリーン
[没]1972.4.15. シカゴ
アメリカの経済学者。ミシガン大学卒業後 (1911) ，テネシー大学で修士号 (13) ，コーネル大学で博士号 (16) を取得。コーネル，シカゴ両大学で教鞭をとった後,アイオワ大学 (19～27) を経て 1927年からシカゴ大学教授。 50年アメリカ経済学会会長。主著の『危険，不確実性および利潤』 Risk，Uncertainty and Profit (21) は，予測不可能なリスク，すなわち不確実性を利潤の真の源泉とし，のちに大きな影響を与えた。また，不確実性をになうものとしての企業家の役割を強調した。 1930年代には資本利子論争に参加し，オーストリア学派を攻撃した。自由企業体制を批判しながらもその倫理的根拠を探求し，リカード研究や社会思想史的研究も多い。シカゴ学派の始祖の1人でもある。著書には，『経済組織』 The Economic Organization (33) ，『競争の倫理』 The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (35) ，『自由と改革』 Freedom and Reform:Essays in Economics and Social Philosophy (47) などがある。

ナイト
Knight， Thomas Andrew

[生]1759.8.12. ラドロウ近郊
[没]1838.5.11. ロンドン
イギリスの園芸家，植物学者。オックスフォード大学出身。初め，果樹や牛の交雑を手がけたが，やがてエンドウが交雑研究の材料に適していることを見つけ，これを対象に実用的な見地から実験を行い，その結果，豆の色の異なる2種類のエンドウを交配してつくられた雑種が片方の親と同じ色の豆だけを生じること，さらにこの雑種同士をかけあわせて2代目の雑種をつくったときに，他方の色の豆も現れることを発見した (1799) 。これらは，G.メンデルが，のちに優性，分離と呼んだ現象にそれぞれ対応しており，ナイトはメンデルによる研究の先駆者の一人とされている。ただし，観察結果を数量化してはいない。彼は植物生理学者としても高名であり，植物の体液転流に関する研究などのほか，茎や根の生長する方向を決めているのが重力であることを明らかにした (1806) 。 1811年より英国園芸協会会長。

ナイト
Knight， George Wilson

[生]1897.9.19. サリー，サットン
[没]1985.3.20. デボン，エクセター
イギリスの文学研究者，批評家，俳優，演出家，劇作家。トロント大学教授 (1931～40) を経てリーズ大学英文学教授 (56～62) 。『炎の車』 The Wheel of Fire (30) に始る一連の著作によって，シェークスピア劇の象徴的解釈を行なった。ほかに『シェークスピア劇演出の原理』 Principles of Shakespearean Production (36，64改訂) ，『バイロンとシェークスピア』 Byron and Shakespeare (66) など。