Inner ear - naiji

Japanese: 内耳 - ないじ
Inner ear - naiji

The inner ear contains the organs of hearing and balance, and is located deep inside the middle ear (where the tympanic cavity is located), inside the petrous part of the temporal bone. Inside the inner ear, there is a complex structure called the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by the petrous bones, which are exactly the same shape as the membranous labyrinth, and enclose it. This structure is called the bony labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is a tube surrounded by a thin membrane of connective tissue, and in the center there are two sacs, the utricle and the saccule, which are connected by a thin tube. Behind the utricle, there are three semicircular canals (called the three semicircular canals), which protrude in a semicircular, C-shaped curve. The three semicircular canals are located in the front, back, and outside, with the anterior semicircular canal vertical, the lateral semicircular canal horizontal, and the posterior semicircular canal at a right angle to the other two semicircular canals. The roots of the three semicircular canals are common and open into the utricle. The semicircular canals are filled with lymphatic fluid (endolymph), and this flow stimulates the organ of balance in the utricle, allowing the body's position and movement to be sensed. In front of the saccule is the cochlear duct, which is also contained within the cochlea of ​​the bony labyrinth of the same type. The cochlear duct opens into the saccule, and inside it is the organ of Corti (spiral organ). The organ of Corti is a receptor for sound stimuli, and receives vibration waves from the endolymph. Lymphatic fluid (perilymph) also flows through the gap between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth. In terms of the nervous system, the terminals of the vestibular nerve terminate in the organ of balance, and the terminals of the cochlear nerve terminate in the organ of Corti. The two nerves join together in the bony labyrinth to form the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve 8, formerly known as the auditory nerve), which connects to the vestibular nucleus (balance relay nucleus) and cochlear nucleus (auditory relay nucleus) in the medulla oblongata. Damage to the inner ear can cause cochlear hearing loss, dizziness, and staggering. The inner ear is present in most vertebrates.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference] | Hearing | Ear
Ear structure
©Shogakukan ">

Ear structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

聴覚・平衡覚器が収められている部分で、中耳(鼓室がある部分)の奥にあたり、側頭骨の岩様(がんよう)部の内部に位置する。内耳の中には複雑な形態をした膜性迷路という構造がある。その周囲には膜性迷路とまったく同じ形をした岩様部の骨があり、膜性迷路を閉じ込めている。この構造を骨性迷路とよぶ。膜性迷路は結合組織性の薄い膜に包まれた管で、まず中央部に卵形嚢(のう)・球形嚢という2個の嚢があり、両嚢は細い管で連絡している。卵形嚢の後方にはそれぞれ半円を描いてC状に曲がった形で出っ張っている3個の半規管(これを三半規管という)が連絡している。三半規管は前・後・外側にあり、前半規管は垂直、外半規管は水平、後半規管は他の二つの半規管に対して直角の方向を向く。三半規管の根元は共通していて卵形嚢に開いている。三半規管内にはリンパ液(内リンパ)が満たされており、この流れが卵形嚢内の平衡覚器を刺激することによって体の位置や運動を感知することができる。球形嚢の前方には蝸牛(かぎゅう)管があるが、この器官も、やはり同型の骨性迷路の蝸牛の部分に収まっている。蝸牛管は球形嚢に開いており、その内部にはコルチ器(ラセン器)がある。コルチ器は音の刺激の受容器で、内リンパの振動波を受け取っている。膜性迷路と骨性迷路との間の間隙(かんげき)にもリンパ液(外リンパ)が流れている。神経系でみると、平衡覚器には前庭神経の終末が終止し、コルチ器には蝸牛神経の終末が終止する。両神経は骨性迷路内で合して1本になり、内耳神経(第8脳神経、旧名は聴神経)となって延髄の前庭神経核(平衡覚中継核)や蝸牛神経核(聴覚中継核)に連絡する。内耳に障害がおこると、内耳性の難聴やめまい、よろめきなどの原因となる。なお、内耳はほとんどの脊椎(せきつい)動物に存在している。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 聴覚 |
耳の構造
©Shogakukan">

耳の構造


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