A type of bottom trawl fishing. Usually, a bottom trawl net with otter boards attached to the left and right ropes in front of the net mouth is pulled by a single motorized boat to catch benthic organisms. There is also beam trawl, which uses a beam to open the net mouth, but beam trawl fishing is not used in Japan. In Europe, the beam trawl was replaced by the otter trawl around 1894. The otter trawl was introduced to Japan from the UK in 1908 (Meiji 41). Later, with the appearance of diesel trawlers, improvements in onboard quick-freezing equipment, and larger vessels, the fishing range expanded to distant sea fishing grounds. After World War II, the fishing industry was modernized by incorporating rapidly developing science and technology, and equipped with fish finders, various fishing gear monitoring instruments, fishing machinery, and navigational instruments. The fishing method was also traditionally side trawl, where nets were cast and hauled from the side of the ship, but from around 1960 (Showa 35), stern trawlers, which efficiently perform these operations from the stern slipway, became more common, and fishing capacity increased further. On the other hand, trawl operations are accompanied by bycatch and death of benthic juveniles and alteration of seabed habitats, and have competed with coastal fisheries from the beginning. Therefore, the transition of trawl fishing has been a repeated development of new fishing grounds, from coastal to offshore and further to the deep sea, and their destruction. Trawl fishing in Japan includes the northern trawl, which mainly targets pollock, flounder, and Pacific cod in the eastern Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, the northern shifting vessel, a former 349-ton stern trawler that was a medium-sized motorized bottom trawl fishing vessel that operated off the coast of Tohoku and Hokkaido and was converted to the North Sea, and mainly targets pollock, the southern trawl, which mainly targets squid, octopus, and sea bream on the northwest coast of Africa, hake, horse mackerel, and sea bream on the south coast of Africa, squid and smelt in the waters from the northeast of the United States to Labrador in Canada, horse mackerel, hake, squid, and barracuda around New Zealand, Montgo squid in the Arabian Sea, and hake and Matsu squid off the coast of Argentina and Chile. [Yasuo Sasagawa and Teisuke Miura] "Introduction to Stern Trawling" by Tsuda Hatsuji and Nakatani Mitsuo (1981, Seizando Shoten) [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
底引網漁業の一種。通常、網口を開口させるために、オッターボードと称する拡網(かくもう)板を網口の前方の左右ロープに取り付けた底引網を1艘(そう)の動力船で引き回し、底生生物を漁獲するオッタートロール漁業をさす。このほかにビームにより網口を開口させたビームトロールもあるが、日本ではビームトロールを使った漁業は行われていない。 ヨーロッパでは1894年ごろにビームトロールからオッタートロールに転換している。日本へは1908年(明治41)にイギリスからオッタートロールが導入された。その後、ディーゼルトローラー(トロール漁船)の出現や、船内急速冷凍装置の改善、船型の大型化などと相まって遠洋漁場へと操業範囲も拡大した。第二次世界大戦後は、急速に発達した科学技術を取り入れ、魚群探知機のほかに各種の漁具監視測器、漁労機械、航海計器を有するなど近代化された。操業方式も、従来は舷(げん)側から投揚(とうよう)網をするサイドトロールであったが、1960年(昭和35)ごろからそれらの操作を船尾のスリップウェイから能率的に行うスターントローラーが増加し、漁獲能力はさらに高まった。その反面、トロール操業には底生生物の幼稚仔(ようちし)の混獲や死亡と海底生息場の改変が伴い、当初から沿岸漁業とも競合してきた。そのためトロール漁業の変遷は沿岸から沖合いへ、さらに遠洋へと外延的な新漁場の開拓とその荒廃の繰り返しでもあった。日本で行われるトロール漁業としては、東部ベーリング海とアラスカ湾を主漁場としてスケトウダラ、カレイ、メヌケを主対象とする北方トロール、東北・北海道沖で操業していた中型機船底引網漁船を北洋へ転換させた旧349トン型スターントローラーでスケトウダラを中心とする北転船、アフリカ北西岸でイカ、タコ、タイなど、アフリカ南岸でメルルーサ、アジ、タイなど、アメリカ北東部からカナダのラブラドルまでの水域でイカ、ニギスなど、ニュージーランド周辺でアジ、メルルーサ、イカ、バラクーダなど、アラビア海でモンゴウイカ、アルゼンチン・チリ沖でメルルーサ、マツイカなどをそれぞれおもな漁獲対象とする南方トロールなどがある。 [笹川康雄・三浦汀介] 『津田初二・中谷三男著『船尾トロール入門』(1981・成山堂書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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