Double taxation - nijuukazei (English spelling) double taxation

Japanese: 二重課税 - にじゅうかぜい(英語表記)double taxation
Double taxation - nijuukazei (English spelling) double taxation

The imposition of two or more taxes on goods, services, etc. This refers to a situation in which the same taxpayer or the same transaction or business is taxed in duplicate. It is also called double taxation, overlapping taxation, or tax-on-tax, and is a problem not only in Japan but also in other countries around the world. Typical examples of double taxation include cases where income tax is levied again on dividends paid from profits after corporate tax is imposed (double taxation of dividends), cases where gasoline, alcohol, tobacco, automobiles, real estate, etc. have individual indirect taxes on each item and then a flat consumption tax (double taxation with individual indirect taxes), cases where both inheritance tax and income tax are levied when life insurance benefits are received as an annuity, and cases where companies or individuals are taxed on income earned abroad in both the foreign country and their home country (double taxation with overseas countries).

In Japan, there is a system where individuals can receive a dividend deduction by choosing comprehensive taxation, which combines dividends with other income such as salary. In Europe and the United States, the method is to adjust the income tax on individual shareholders by taking into account the corporate tax on companies. With regard to double taxation with individual indirect taxes, with the increase in the consumption tax rate, there have been calls from related industries for a review, as the tax burden is too heavy. Of these, the automobile acquisition tax was abolished when the consumption tax rate was raised to 10% (October 2019). Double taxation by two or more countries is likely to occur in transactions where the value is difficult to calculate, such as technology usage fees and patent fees. As of September 2019 (Reiwa 1), the Japanese tax authorities have tax treaties with 132 countries and regions, and if a private company files an objection to double taxation, the tax authorities of the two countries will hold mutual consultations, and if an agreement is reached, one country can refund the tax that was overtaken and eliminate the double taxation situation.

[Editorial Department, December 13, 2019]

[Reference] | Income Tax | Tax Treaties

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物やサービスなどに二つ以上の税金がかかっていること。同一の納税者や同一の取引・事業に対し、同種の租税が重複して課税される状態をさす。二重税、重複課税、タックス・オン・タックスともいい、日本だけでなく世界各国で問題になっている。二重課税の典型的な例としては、法人税を課した後の利益から支払う配当にふたたび所得税がかかるケース(配当二重課税)、ガソリン、酒、たばこ、自動車、不動産などには品目ごとにかかる個別間接税がある上に消費税が一律にかかるケース(個別間接税との二重課税)、生命保険金を年金払いで受け取る場合に相続税と所得税の両方がかかるケース、企業や個人が外国で稼いだ所得などに外国と本国の両方で課税されるケース(海外との二重課税)などがある。

 配当二重課税については、日本では、個人が給与など他の所得と合算する総合課税を選ぶことにより配当控除が受けられる仕組みがある。欧米では、企業への法人税分を加味して個人株主に対する所得税を調整する手法をとっている。個別間接税との二重課税では、消費税率の引上げに伴い、各関連業界から税負担が重過ぎるとして見直しを求める声が上がっている。このうち自動車取得税については、消費税率が10%に上がった段階(2019年10月)で、廃止された。2か国以上から課税される二重課税は、技術使用料や特許料など価値算定がむずかしい取引で生じやすい。日本の税務当局は、2019年(令和1)9月時点で132か国・地域と租税条約を結んでおり、民間企業が二重課税について異議申し立てをした場合、2国間の税務当局が相互協議を行い、合意すれば、一方の国が取りすぎた税金を還付して二重課税状態を解消できる仕組みがある。

[編集部 2019年12月13日]

[参照項目] | 所得税 | 租税条約

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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