Gakuden (English spelling) xue-tian; hsüeh-tien

Japanese: 学田 - がくでん（英語表記）xue-tian; hsüeh-tien

In China and Korea, fields were established as school lands for the purpose of maintaining the schools. The famous school fields at Bailu Dong Guoji in Jiangxi during the Five Dynasties were about 10 hectares (about 5-6 chobu in 1 cho). During the Song Dynasty, as the establishment of schools became more common, the number of school fields (5-10 chobu) increased. Many of the school fields were cultivated by tenant farmers called 'tenko', but as the area of the school fields increased in the Southern Song Dynasty (some were several hundred), the disadvantages of the tenko system became evident, and the government appointed inspectors or had the schools manage them directly. Regulations on school fields were made during the Ming Dynasty. When the Republic came into power, the fields of official schools were abolished, and when the People's Republic came into power, the fields of private schools were abolished, and school fields disappeared.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，朝鮮で経営維持のため設けられた学校付属の田畑。五代の江西の白鹿洞国庠 (はくろくどうこくしょう) の学田十頃 (1頃は約5～6町歩) は有名。宋代，学校設立が盛んになると学田 (5～10頃) が増加した。学田の耕作は多く佃戸と呼ばれる小作人によって行われたが，南宋に入り学田の面積が大きくなると (数百頃のものもある) ，佃戸制の弊害が顕著となり，政府は監督官を設けたり，学校に直接経営させたりした。明代には学田の規定が作られている。民国になり官学の学田が，人民共和国になり私学の学田が，それぞれ廃止されて学田は消滅した。

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