A device for precisely measuring the right ascension and declination of celestial objects. It is composed of a telescope with an aperture of about 10 to 20 centimeters, a precise mount to support it, a high-precision scale ring to measure the rotation angle of the telescope, and a clock to measure the noon time of celestial objects. In particular, the telescope rotates only on the east-west axis, and is designed so that only celestial objects on the meridian can be seen, and in this sense it is a type of "transit instrument," but because it has a scale ring it is called a "meridian ring." The observation principle is to measure the difference in right ascension between two celestial bodies as the time difference between their crossing of the meridian, and to measure the difference in declination using a scale ring, but the most difficult and important thing is how to determine the alignment of the celestial bodies in the field of view with the crosshairs of the telescope. Even in the conventional visual method, many ingenious devices such as micrometers and movable crosshairs were used, but in the 1980s, an automatic meridian ring combining a slit and a phototube was developed and installed at the National Astronomical Observatory and other institutions. The observable quantity is the relative angular distance between two celestial bodies, but the polar direction is determined by observing the meridian passage of the circumpolar stars twice a night, above and below the pole, and the ecliptic and vernal equinox are determined by observing the planets and the sun, and the right ascension and declination values of all celestial bodies are obtained. This is called "absolute observation" or "reference observation". Once the right ascension and declination values of the main stars are determined by a reference observation, the positions of other celestial bodies can be determined using only relative observations. The list of stars positioned by such reference observations is called a "reference catalog". The important task of the meridian ring is to compile and improve such catalogs. However, in the 1990s, more accurate relative observations were made by artificial satellites (Hipparchos satellites), and the equivalent of reference observations came to be made by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and the meridian ring came to an end in its historical role. [Koichi Nakajima] The automated meridian circle at the National Astronomical Observatory's Mitaka campus. Observations began in 1984, and it has made a great contribution to elucidating the movements of celestial bodies and the rotation of the galaxy. It is currently open to the public as a historical document. ©National Astronomical Observatory "> National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Automatic Photoelectronic Meridian Ring This facility was built in 1982 (Showa 57) and used for observations using the automated photoelectron meridian circle. In 2009 (Heisei 21), it became the Astronomical Equipment Museum. Mitaka City, Tokyo ©National Astronomical Observatory "> National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Automated Photoelectron Meridian Circumference Observatory Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天体の赤経・赤緯を精密に測定するための装置。口径10~20センチメートル程度の望遠鏡、それを支える精密な架台、望遠鏡の回転角を測る高精度目盛環、天体の南中時刻を測定する時計、などにより構成される。とくに望遠鏡は東西軸のみで回転され、子午線上の天体しか見られない構造となっており、この意味で「子午儀」の一種であるが、目盛環を備えているゆえに「子午環」とよばれる。 観測原理は、二つの天体の赤経差を子午線通過の時間差として測り、赤緯差を目盛環によって測る、ということになるが、もっとも困難かつ重要なことは、視野内での天体と望遠鏡の十字線との合致をどのように決定するか、ということである。従来の眼視方式でも、マイクロメーターや移動十字線などのくふうが凝らされていたが、1980年代になるとスリットと光電管を組み合わせた自動式子午環が開発され、国立天文台などに設置された。 観測量は2天体間の相対角距離であるが、周極星の子午線通過を一夜に二度、極の上方と下方で観測することにより極方向が決定され、また惑星や太陽の観測により黄道および春分点が決められて、すべての天体の赤経赤緯値が得られる。これを「絶対観測」または「基準観測」とよぶ。一度基準観測を行っておもな恒星の赤経赤緯値を決めておけば、これを利用して相対観測のみから他の天体の位置が決定される。このような基準観測によって位置決めされた恒星のリストを「基準カタログ」とよぶ。このようなカタログを構成・改良することが子午環の重要な仕事である。ただし1990年代には、より高精度な相対観測が人工衛星(ヒッパルコス衛星)によって行われ、また基準観測に相当するものが超長基線電波干渉計(VLBI)によって行われるようになり、子午環はその歴史的役割を終えた。 [中嶋浩一] 国立天文台三鷹キャンパスの自動式子午環。1984年(昭和59)から観測を開始、天体の運動や銀河回転の解明などに大きく貢献した。現在は歴史資料として公開されている©国立天文台"> 国立天文台自動光電子午環 1982年(昭和57)に建設され、自動光電子午環による観測を行った施設。2009年(平成21)より天文機器資料館となった。東京都三鷹市©国立天文台"> 国立天文台自動光電子午環観測室 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Treasury stock - Jikokabushiki
Originally, thin raw silk was used for the warp t...
Swiss jurist and Christian ethical writer. His fa...
Whiskey produced in Ireland. It is said to be the ...
A type of ancient Greek vase. A small bottle for o...
〘noun〙① To recite a shamisen melody with one's...
A type of mineral. Also called perovskite. Chemica...
This refers to persecution or oppression suffered...
The chemical formula is CH 3 -CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 CH ...
…Since the 1930s, state archives have been develo...
…It is a system with the same purpose as Article ...
(1) The leading role in Noh. Shite, Tamete. A per...
→ Pedunculaceae Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia Ab...
The Kingdom of Aragon in the medieval Iberian Peni...
Year of death: August 4, 1600 (September 11, 1600)...
A city in Primorsky Krai, eastern Russia. It is l...