Troubadours

Japanese: トルバドゥール(英語表記)troubadours
Troubadours
A general term for the troubadours of southern France. From the end of the 11th century to the end of the 13th century, they wrote lyric poetry in Occitan. Troubadours were originally professionals (jongleurs) descended from Roman acrobats and impersonators, but in their heyday, they ranged from kings and nobles to the general public, visiting castles in search of patrons and participating in poetry contests. They improvised love stories that harmonize ideals and reality, hope and despair, elegance and courtesy, and often sang them to musical accompaniment. They suddenly became popular around 1090, and poets such as William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, Jofre Rudel, Cercamon, and Malcabran developed theories of courtly love. At its peak (1170-1210), Bernard de Bentadour, Bertrand de Born, and Folque de Marseille emerged, and they showed a tendency toward satirical or difficult poetry. Later, themes shifted to the curse of war and the glorification of sacrifice, as well as love, such as the destruction of southern French culture by the Crusades (1209-29) against the Christian heretics of the Albigensians. After 1270, the style declined. Its influence was felt throughout Europe, especially in Italy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
南フランスの吟遊詩人の総称。 11世紀末から 13世紀末にかけて,オック語による抒情詩を残した。吟遊詩人は,元来ローマ時代の軽業,ものまねなどの芸人の系統をひく職業人 (ジョングルール ) であるが,隆盛時には国王,諸侯から一般大衆に及び,庇護者を求めて城を訪れ,競詩会に参加した。理想と現実,希望と絶望,優雅と礼節などを調和させた恋愛表現を即興でつくり,楽器の伴奏で歌う場合が多い。 1090年頃に突然流行しはじめ,アキテーヌ公ギヨーム9世,ジョフレ・リュデル,セルカモン,マルカブランらの詩人が,宮廷風恋愛の理論を発展させた。最盛期 (1170~1210) にはベルナール・ド・バンタドゥール,ベルトラン・ド・ボルン,フォルケ・ド・マルセイユらが出て,風刺または難解な詩へ向う傾向をみせる。その後はキリスト教異端のアルビ派に対する十字軍遠征 (1209~29) による南フランス文化の破壊など,恋愛とともに戦争への呪いと犠牲の賛美が題材となる。 1270年以後衰退。その影響はヨーロッパ全土に及び,特にイタリアに顕著。

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