Tolstoy

Japanese: トルストイ

A Russian author. Along with Dostoevsky, he was one of the leading figures in 19th-century Russian literature, and was also a major influence as an original thinker known as Tolstoyism. Born as the fourth son of a count's family on a vast estate in Yasnaya Polyana near Tula, he dropped out of Kazan University and served in the military, but finished his debut novel, Childhood (1852), in the Caucasus, where he was recognized by the literary world. He subsequently published Boyhood (1854), Youth (1856), and The Cossacks (1862), among others, and in 1862 he married Sophia, the 18-year-old daughter of the court physician, and devoted himself to writing. It was during this period that he wrote his masterpieces, such as War and Peace and Anna Karenina. He eventually sought salvation from his inner contradictions in religious thought, and in his religious treatises such as "Confession" (1882), "My Faith" (1884), and folk tales such as "Ivan the Fool," he preached the idea of non-resistance against evil. In his 1898 book "What is Art?", he completely rejected the world's great literature, including his own works. However, even after his religious turning point, he produced works such as "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1890), "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886), and the play "The Powers of Darkness" (1886), and in 1899 he completed his third full-length novel, "Resurrection." In his later years, he suffered from family conflicts with his wife Sofia, and in October 1910 he ran away from home and died at a small train station called Astapova. He had a great influence on modern Japanese literature, especially through the Shirakaba school.
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Tolstoy

Russian and Soviet writer. Born into an aristocratic family. He started out as a symbolist poet and made his name with novels such as The Lame Duke (1912). After the revolution, he went into exile in Berlin and wrote the autobiographical The Childhood of Nikita (1922) and the science fiction-like Aelita (1923). After returning to Russia in 1923, he established his position as a Soviet writer with the historical novel Peter I (1929-1945) and the three-part novel Through the Torment (1920-1941), which depicts the fate of intellectuals during the revolution. His other works include The Hyperbola of Engineer Garin (1926), which has a detective-like feel.

Tolstoy

Russian poet and playwright. Born into an aristocratic family, he published comedies under the pseudonym "Kosima Prutkov" with his cousin Zhemchuzhnikov. His novels include "The Silver Duke" (1863) and his plays "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1868).

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Japanese:

ロシアの作家。ドストエフスキーとともに19世紀ロシア文学を代表，トルストイ主義の名で知られる独自の思想家としても大きな影響を残した。伯爵家の四男としてツーラ近くのヤスナヤ・ポリャーナの広大な荘園に生まれ，カザン大学を中退後，軍務について，カフカスで処女作《幼年時代》（1852年）を書きあげ，文壇に認められた。以後《少年時代》（1854年），《青年時代》（1856年），《コサック》（1862年）などを発表，1862年に宮廷医の娘で18歳のソフィヤと結婚し，文筆活動に専念した。《戦争と平和》《アンナ・カレーニナ》などの大作はこの時期に生まれた。やがて宗教的思想に自身の内面の矛盾からの救いを求めるようになり，《懺悔》（1882年），《わが信仰》（1884年）その他の宗教論文，《イワンの馬鹿》などの民話で，悪に対する無抵抗の思想を説いた。1898年に発表した《芸術とは何か》では，自作品を含め，世界の大文学を全面的に否定するに至る。しかし，宗教的転機以後にも，《クロイツェル・ソナタ》（1890年），《イワン・イリイチの死》（1886年），戯曲《闇の力》（1886年）などの作品があり，1899年には三つめの長編《復活》を完成した。晩年はソフィア夫人との家庭的葛藤(かっとう)に苦しみ，1910年10月に家出して，アスターポボという小さな駅で没した。日本の近代文学には，特に白樺派を通じて多大な影響を与えた。
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トルストイ

ロシア，ソ連の作家。貴族の出身。象徴主義詩人として出発，《びっこの公爵》（1912年）などの小説で文名をあげた。革命後亡命，ベルリンで自伝的な《ニキータの幼年時代》（1922年），SF的な《アエリータ》（1923年）を書き，1923年に帰国後は歴史小説《ピョートル１世》（1929年―1945年）と，革命期の知識人の運命を描いた三部作長編《苦悩の中を行く》（1920年―1941年）でソビエト作家の地位を確立した。ほかに推理小説ふうの《ガーリン技師の双曲線》（1926年）など。