Russian Chronicles (Russian Chronicles)

Japanese: ロシア年代記 - ろしあねんだいき(英語表記)Русские летописи/Russkie letopisi
Russian Chronicles (Russian Chronicles)

A Russian chronological historical account. Along with The Tale of Igor's Campaign, it is one of the most important works of medieval Russian literature. From the 11th to the 17th centuries, they were compiled mainly by monks at the courts of princes and emperors (Tsars) or in monasteries. The oldest Russian chronicle that has been handed down to the present day and has the greatest literary value is the Tale of Bygone Years, which was created in the early 12th century (sometimes called the Primary Chronicle or Nestor's Chronicle after one of its authors. There are two variants, the Laurentian version and the Ipatian version). This is Russia's "Ancient Affairs" and provides an interesting account of the history of the earliest period of Russia up to the early 12th century, including the formation of the Slavic people, the founding of Russia, its conversion to Christianity, battles with other tribes, and internal conflicts between princes. Written by several monks at a monastery in Kiev since the first half of the 11th century, the chronicles include the Old and New Testaments, Byzantine chronicles, the biographies of saints, sermons, diplomatic documents, Russian military tales, and the origins of the monastery. They also include oral legends, epics, accounts of events by direct participants and witnesses, and the author's own experiences. What gives the chronicles a particularly high literary quality are the poetic Slavic oral tales, the epic stories that show the influence of Nordic sagas, and the rich figurative descriptions of events that occurred in the author's own time. In the second half of the chronicles, the authors' Christian worldview comes to the forefront and a moralistic tone is apparent, but the civil wars between princes and the suffering of the people caused by the invasion of foreign enemies are realistically described with deep sympathy. The Kievan Chronicle was written in the 12th century, and other principalities also compiled their own chronicles, but the Galich-Volhynia Chronicle, written in southwestern Russia in the 13th century, is considered a typical example of the literature of that period due to its gorgeous writing style and high artistic quality.

[Nakamura Yoshikazu]

"Russian Chronicles" translated by Yoshitaro Yomura (1979, Hara Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシアにおける編年体の歴史記述。『イーゴリ遠征物語』と並んで中世ロシア文学のもっとも重要な作品である。11世紀から17世紀まで、主として修道僧によって諸公や皇帝(ツァーリ)の宮廷あるいは修道院で編まれた。現在まで伝わっている最古のかつもっとも文学的価値の高いロシア年代記は、12世紀初頭に成立した『過ぎし歳月の物語』である(『原初年代記』あるいは作者の1人の名をとって『ネストルの年代記』とよばれることもある。ラウレンチー本とイパーチー本の2種類の異本がある)。これはロシアの『古事記』にあたり、スラブ民族の成立、ロシアの建国からキリスト教改宗、異民族との戦い、諸公間の内紛など12世紀初頭までのロシア最古の時期の歴史を興味深く物語っている。11世紀前半以来キエフの修道院で何人かの僧によって書き継がれ、史料としては旧約、新約の聖書、ビザンティンの年代記、聖者伝、説教集、外交文書、さらにロシアの軍記物語、修道院開基由来などが用いられているほか、口承の伝説や叙事詩、諸事件の直接の参加者や目撃者からの聞き書き、作者自身の体験も含まれている。この年代記にとりわけ高い文学性を与えているのは、詩情に富んだスラブ古来の口承説話、北欧サガの影響を示す叙事的な物語、作者と同時代の事件に関する形象性豊かな描写である。後半では作者たちのキリスト教的世界観が前面に出て教訓的な調子があらわになってはいるが、諸公間の内戦や外敵の侵入によって生ずる民衆の苦しみなどは深い同情をもってリアルに描かれている。その後12世紀には『キエフ年代記』が書かれ、それ以外の諸公国でもそれぞれ年代記が編まれたが、とくに13世紀南西ロシアを中心とした『ガーリチ・ボルィニ年代記』は、その華やかな文体と高い芸術性によってこの時期の文学の一典型と考えられている。

[中村喜和]

『除村吉太郎訳『ロシア年代記』(1979・原書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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