Trier (English spelling)

Japanese: トリール - とりーる（英語表記）Trier

A city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in western Germany. It is also called Trier. It has a population of 99,400 (2000). It is located on the right bank of the Moselle River near Luxembourg, and was the base for the Romans to advance along the Rhine. The characteristics of the Roman city remain in the ruins of the streets and city gate (Porta Nigra) in the center of the city, the Imperial Baths, and the amphitheater. It is the central city along the Moselle River, and various institutions such as the judiciary, administration, education, and economy are located here. As the surrounding area is the grape-growing region of the Moselle, Saar, and Ruwein, it has long been known as a wine trading area, and there is a viticulture school and a state vineyard. It is characterized by its industries such as tobacco manufacturing, shoemaking, carpet manufacturing, and machinery. It is the birthplace of Karl Marx and his wife Jenny, and in the center of the city is his birthplace, which has been turned into a museum and displays his writings and documents.

[Yoichi Asano]

history

In prehistoric times, there was a settlement of the Torwel people in the Moselle River basin, and in 15 BC the Roman Emperor Augustus established a garrison here. This was the beginning of the Roman city of Trier (Augusta Treverorum), which grew into the regional center in the 1st century AD, and became the capital of First Belgica around 150 AD. The current arena dates back to that time. During the 4th century under Emperor Constantine, the city was completed with a dome, a large bathhouse, the Porta Nigra, and a stone bridge, and became the largest city north of the Alps with a population of 70,000. Emperor Constantine, as well as other famous writers and church fathers, stayed here. A bishopric was established around the time of the Germanic invasion, and it became the center of the arts and sciences of the Christian world, but it came under the control of the Franks at the end of the 5th century. When the archbishop became elector, the city became the center of the electoral principality, but as the citizens' economic power increased, they fought against the archbishop for autonomy. In 1190, the city law was enacted, and in the mid-13th century, the medieval city surrounded by a city wall was completed. In the 14th century, a city hall was established, and the participation of the guild (professional guild) in city administration was realized. Legally, it was under the control of the archbishop and was not an imperial city, but in the 15th century, it had a population of about 10,000 and became a de facto free city based on the trade of wine and salt, and a university (1473-1798) was also established. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the population decreased and the city declined due to the expulsion of Protestants, the Thirty Years' War, and the invasion of French troops, but in the 18th century, it was transformed into a baroque-style city. The electoral principality was dissolved during the French Revolutionary Wars, and it became part of France in 1797 and Prussia in 1815. From the end of the 19th century, in addition to its functions as the seat of a bishopric, administrative center, and commercial city, it gained importance as a military city on the border.

[Minoru Morota]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ西部、ラインラント・プファルツ州の都市。トリアーともいう。人口9万9400（2000）。ルクセンブルクに近いモーゼル川右岸に位置し、ローマ人がライン川沿岸部に進出する拠点となった。ローマ都市の特徴は市街地中央部の街路や市門（ポルタ・ニグラ）、皇帝浴場、円形劇場などの遺跡に残る。モーゼル川沿岸地域の中心都市で、司法、行政、教育、経済など各種の機関が立地する。周辺はモーゼル、ザール、ルウェアのブドウ栽培地であるため、古くからワインの取引地として知られ、ブドウ栽培学校や州立ブドウ園もある。工業ではたばこ製造、製靴、じゅうたん製造、機械などに特色がある。カール・マルクスと妻イェンニーの生地で、市街中心部にはマルクスの生家があり、博物館となっていて著作や資料が展示されている。

［朝野洋一］

歴史

先史時代にモーゼル川流域にトルウェル人の集落があったが、紀元前15年ローマ皇帝アウグストゥスはここに屯営を設けた。これがローマ都市トリール（アウグスタ・トレウェロールムAugusta Treverorum）の端緒で、紀元後1世紀にはこの地方の中心都市に成長、150年ごろ第一ベルギカ州の州都となった。現存の闘技場は当時のものである。4世紀コンスタンティヌス帝のころ、ドーム、大浴場、ポルタ・ニグラ、石造りの橋などが完成し、人口7万、アルプス以北最大の世界都市となり、コンスタンティヌス帝をはじめ著名な文人や教父も滞在した。ゲルマン人の侵入のころ司教座が置かれてキリスト教世界の学芸の中心となったが、5世紀末からフランク人の支配下に入った。大司教が選帝侯になると市は選帝侯領の中心になるが、市民は経済力を増すにつれ自治を求めて大司教と争った。1190年都市法を制定、13世紀なかばに市壁で囲まれた中世都市の姿が完成、14世紀には市庁舎をもち、ツンフト（同職ギルド）の市政参加も実現した。法的には大司教の支配下にあって帝国都市ではなかったが、15世紀には人口約1万、ワインと塩の取引を基礎に事実上自由都市となり、大学（1473～1798）も設立された。16、17世紀には新教徒の退去、三十年戦争、フランス軍の侵入で人口が減少し衰退したが、18世紀にバロック風の都市に変貌(へんぼう)した。フランス革命戦争で選帝侯国は解体し、1797年フランス領に、1815年プロイセン領に編入された。19世紀末から、司教座所在地、行政中心地、商業都市の機能に加えて、国境の軍都としての重要性を増した。

［諸田　實］

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