Traianus, Marcus Ulpius

Japanese: トラヤヌス（英語表記）Traianus， Marcus Ulpius

[Raw] 53. Italica
[Died] August 8/9, 117. Emperor of the Roman Empire of Cilicia (reigned 98-117). One of the Five Good Emperors. Born in Hispania. In 88-89, he defeated the Saturninus revolt in the Rhine region and was recognized by Emperor Domitian. After the accession of the next emperor, Nerva, he became governor of Upper Germania. When the Praetorian Guard revolted in Rome in 97, he became Nerva's adopted son and successor. After ascending to the throne, he conducted moderate politics, respected the Senate, consulted on policies, and tried to be generous to the people as a servant of the state. He built great buildings in Rome, held games, developed wasteland, and built ports. He forbade excessive oppression of Christians. The Senate gave him the title of Optimus (best man), but he refused it until 114. He also had an active foreign policy, making Dacia a province and conquering Arabia, Parthia, and the Danube, stabilizing the northern border from Britain to the Black Sea, and realizing the greatest extent of the Roman Empire. From 113 to 117, he defeated Parthia, made Armenia and northern Mesopotamia provinces, captured the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon, and traveled down the Tigris River to the Persian Gulf, but he was faced with rebellions from the Parthians and other countries he had just conquered, as well as a major Jewish revolt that spread from Cyrenaica to Egypt, Cyprus, and Asia. Although he briefly recovered on the front lines, he fell seriously ill and left the administration of the eastern region to Hadrian. He died on the way back to Rome.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]53. イタリカ
[没]117.8.8/9. キリキア
ローマ皇帝 (在位 98～117) 。五賢帝の一人。ヒスパニアの出身。 88～89年ライン地方のサツルニヌスの乱を討ってドミチアヌス帝に認められ，次帝ネルウァの登位後，上ゲルマニア総督となり，97年ローマに近衛兵の反乱が起ったとき，ネルウァの養子としてその後継者となった。即位後は穏健な政治を行い，元老院を尊重，政策を諮問し，自身国家のしもべとして人民にも寛大であろうとした。ローマに大建築物を造営，競技を開催し，荒地開拓，港湾建設を行なった。キリスト教徒に対しては過度の弾圧を禁じた。元老院は彼にオプチムス (最良者) の称号を与えたが 114年まで固辞し続けた。対外政策も積極的で，ダキアを属州としアラビア，パルティア，ドナウを征討し，ブリタニアから黒海にいたる北部国境を安定させ，ローマ帝国の最大版図を現出させた。 113～117年パルティアを討ち，アルメニア，北メソポタミアを属州とし，パルティアの主都クテシフォンを陥れチグリス川を下ってペルシア湾に達したが，征服したばかりのパルティアなどの反乱およびキレナイカからエジプト，さらにキプロス，アジアまで広がったユダヤ人の大反乱にあった。一時は戦線を回復したものの重病にかかり，東方地域の管理をハドリアヌスにゆだねた。ローマへの帰途陣没した。

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