English poet, playwright, and critic. Born August 9th to a clergyman in Northampton. After graduating from Cambridge University, he served in the Cromwellian republican government in 1654. At the time of the Restoration, he dedicated The Return of Justice (1661) in praise of Charles II, and in The Year of Wonders (1667), which dealt with the Great Fire of London, the plague epidemic, and the war against the Dutch, he boldly fictionalized familiar historical events. Socially, as a special member of the Royal Society, he was a member of the Committee for the Reform of the Language, which aimed for "mathematical clarity" in linguistic expression, and was appointed Poet Laureate in 1668 and Royal Historian in 1670. He spent the last ten years of his life in obscurity, mainly translating, producing modern translations of Virgil, Chaucer, and others (1699). In this era of rapid political and ideological change, he disliked extremes and tried various experiments in both thought and creation, while living with the times, representing the times, and establishing British classical literature and its theory. His influence was worthy of being called the "father of English literary criticism" (Johnson), passing through Addison, Samuel Johnson, and M. Arnold, and leading to a reevaluation of T.S. Eliot. He died in London on May 1, 1700, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In terms of creative activity, from 1663 to about 20 years ago he attempted various experiments, mainly in the theater. He produced a variety of works, including a comedy in keeping with the fashions of the Restoration period, A Modern Marriage (1673), a blank verse tragedy, All in Love (1678), and The State of Innocence (1674), an operatic version of Paradise Lost (1667). However, it was also a time of many disputes and feuds in terms of human relationships and theatrical theory. The period from Absalom and Achitophel (1681) to about 10 years was a period of political satire and debate, which was his forte, and he wrote poems such as his masterpiece MacFrecnoe (1682), The Religion of the Laity (1682), which defended the Church of England, and The Doe and the Panther (1687), which defended Catholicism in the form of a bestiary. In terms of criticism, he displayed a rich intellectual interest in works such as prefaces, endings, and "Dramatic Poems" (1668), and while he acknowledged the superiority of modern literature in the "debate over the superiority of ancient and modern literature" that extended to Swift, he developed a theory of classical literature based on national consciousness, taking the classics and Shakespeare as his models. The strong critical spirit seen in his theories on translation and satire still maintains a high level and persuasiveness even today. [Masahiro Hiwatashi] "Kano Hideo's translation of "World Famous Poetry Collection 9: The Year of Wonders" (1959, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Ozu Jiro's translation of "World Literature Collection 96: Dramatic Poetry (Excerpts)" (1940, Chikumashobo)" ▽ "Taketomo Katsuo's "Dryden" (1938/New Edition, 1980, Kenkyusha Publishing)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの詩人、劇作家、批評家。8月9日、ノーサンプトンの牧師の家に生まれる。ケンブリッジ大学卒業後、1654年にクロムウェル共和政府に仕えた。王政復古のときにチャールズ2世を称賛する『正義の女神の帰還』(1661)を献じ、ロンドン大火と疫病流行、対オランダ戦争を題材とした『驚異の年』(1667)では、歴史上の身近な事件を大胆に虚構化した。社会的には、英国王立協会の特別会員として、言語表現の「数学的明晰(めいせき)さ」を理想とする国語改革委員会に属し、68年に桂冠(けいかん)詩人、70年には王室修史官に任命された。晩年の約10年間は不遇で、おもに翻訳に費やされ、ウェルギリウス、チョーサーなどの近代語訳(1699)が生まれた。政治的、思想的な変革の激しいこの時代に、彼は極端を嫌い、思想と創作の両面で多様な実験を試みながら、時代とともに生き、時代を代表し、イギリス古典主義文学とその理論を確立した。その影響はアジソンやサミュエル・ジョンソン、M・アーノルドを経て、T・S・エリオットの再評価に至るまで、「イギリス文学批評の父」(ジョンソン)にふさわしいものであった。1700年5月1日にロンドンで没し、ウェストミンスター寺院に葬られた。 創作活動の面では、1663年から約20年間は、演劇を中心とする多様な実験が試みられた。王政復古期の流行にあわせた喜劇『当世風の結婚』(1673)、無韻詩(ブランク・バース)の悲劇『すべてを恋に』(1678)、『失楽園』(1667)をオペラ的手法で表現した『無垢(むく)の状態』(1674)などの多彩な作品が発表されたが、人間関係や演劇論の面では論争や確執の多い時期でもあった。『アブサロムとアキトフェル』(1681)から約10年間は、本領とする政治風刺と論争の時期で、傑作『マックフレクノー』(1682)、イングランド教会を弁護する『平信徒の宗教』(1682)、動物寓話(ぐうわ)の形式でカトリックを弁護する『牝鹿(めじか)と豹(ひょう)』(1687)などの詩が書かれた。 批評の面では、序詞や終わり口上、『劇詩論』(1668)などを中心として豊饒(ほうじょう)な知的関心を示し、スウィフトに至る「古代と近代の優劣論争」の流れのなかで、近代の優位を認めながらも、古典やシェークスピアを模範として、国民的自覚にたつ古典主義文学論を展開した。翻訳論や風刺詩論などにみられる強靭(きょうじん)な批評精神は、現代においても、なお高度の水準と説得力を保っている。 [樋渡雅弘] 『加納秀夫訳『世界名詩集大成9 驚異の年』(1959・平凡社)』▽『小津次郎訳『世界文学全集96 劇詩論(抄)』(1940・筑摩書房)』▽『竹友乕雄著『ドライデン』(1938/新版・1980・研究社出版)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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