Karl Stein (English spelling)

Japanese: シュタイン(英語表記)Stein, Karl, Freiherr vom und zum
Karl Stein (English spelling)
Born: October 26, 1757 in Nassau
Died: June 29, 1831. Kappenberg. German Prussian politician. He served in the Prussian government from 1780, and in 1804 became Minister of Taxes and Commerce, but was dismissed the following year for advising King Frederick William III on reforming the cabinet office system. During his retirement, he wrote the Nassau Memorandum. After the defeat at Jena (→ Battle of Jena-Auerstedt), he was called back to power in 1807 and carried out the Stein Reforms. In the same year, he abolished the peasant slave system, setting the pace for the emancipation of the peasants, and in 1808, through the City Ordinance, he rebuilt and democratized the autonomy of the city, which had been suppressed under the absolute monarchy, and established a city council elected by citizens. In November of the same year, he enacted legislation for a rational, centralized administrative system, but was dismissed by Napoleon I on the same day. It is important to note that behind his dismissal was the Junker class's secret efforts to protect their own privileges. He fled to Austria, where in 1812 he became an advisor to the Russian Tsar. He worked hard to liberate Germany and overthrow Napoleon, and attended the Congress of Vienna as an advisor to the Russian Tsar, but his idealistic nationalism was unable to influence the conference. He then returned to his hometown and served as president of the Westphalian State Assembly in 1826. During this time, he founded the Society for Old German History in 1819, laying the foundations for the compilation of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, a work that continues to this day. Stein's reform proposals faced various obstacles at the time and could not be fully realized, but they were taken over by K. Hardenberg and played an important role in the modernization of Germany as a nation.

Stein
Stein, Edith

Born October 12, 1891 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland)
[Died] August 9, 1942, Oświęcim. A Jewish German female philosopher. Her religious name was Theresia Benedicta a Cruce. She was a student of E. Husserl and served as his assistant. She died in the Auschwitz (now Oświęcim) concentration camp. In 1922, she converted to Catholicism, and from 1922 to 1931, she was a Dominican teacher in Speyer, and in 1933, she was a Carmelite nun in Cologne, and in 1938, she was a Carmelite nun in Echt (Netherlands). She applied Husserl's phenomenological method to her study of Thomas Aquinas. His major works include Eine Untersuchung über den Staat (1924), Husserl's Phenomenology and St. Thomas Aquinas (1929), and Endliches und ewiges Sein (Finite and Eternal Being) (1950). In addition, there is a complete collection (5 volumes, 1950-59) and a collection of letters with Conrad Martius (1960).

Stein
Stein, Lorenz von

Born: November 15, 1815. Eckernförde, Bollby
Died: September 23, 1890. Beidingau, Vienna. German jurist and sociologist. Studied philosophy and law at the Universities of Kiel and Jena. From 1841, he studied in Paris, where he came into contact with French socialists and communists. He became a professor at Kiel University in 1846, and was a professor of statecraft at Vienna University from 1855 to 1888. Influenced by Hegelian legal philosophy and French socialism, he advocated a unique theory of social monarchy, which advocated the protection of the working class by the intervention of the monarch's administrative power in civil society, which was fraught with class conflict. He also made contributions in the fields of economics, public administration, and finance. He is also known for influencing and mentoring Ito Hirobumi, who traveled to Europe in 1882 to prepare for the drafting of a constitution. His main work is Equality and Socialism (1842).

Stein
Stein, Peter

Born 1937. German director in Berlin. From 1970 to 1985, he served as artistic director of the Schaubuehne Theater in West Berlin, where he made a name for himself with his performances of classic plays based on layered interpretations based on detailed historical research. His performances, which were directed by a group using dramatage, were highly regarded for their sharp criticism of modern Western Europe. His representative works include Shakespeare's Memory (1966), Ibsen's Peer Gynt (1971), and Chekhov's Three Sisters (1984).

Stein
Stein, Charlotte von

Born: December 25, 1742 in Eisenach
Died January 6, 1827. Weimar, Germany. Lady-in-waiting to the Duchess of Weimar. Married Baron Friedrich Stein in 1764. In 1775 she met Goethe and began a romantic relationship with him. Their 12-year relationship had a great influence on Goethe's literary development. Goethe's characters Iphigénie in "Iphigénie in Tauris" and Nathalie in "Wilhelm Meister" were inspired by her.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1757.10.26. ナッサウ
[没]1831.6.29. カッペンベルク
ドイツ,プロシアの政治家。 1780年からプロシア政府に勤務し,1804年税務・商工担当相となったが,翌年カビネット (官房) 制度改革案を国王フリードリヒ・ウィルヘルム3世に進言し罷免された。引退中ナッサウ覚え書を草した。イェナの敗戦 (→イェナ=アウエルシュテットの戦い ) 後,07年再び起用され,いわゆるシュタイン改革を断行。同年隷農制を廃止して農民解放の先鞭をつけ,08年都市条例により,絶対王政のもとで圧殺されていた都市の自治を再建するとともにこれを民主化し,市民の選挙による市会を設置した。同年 11月合理的な中央集権的行政制度を立法化したが,即日ナポレオン1世によって罷免された。罷免の背後にユンカー階級の自己の特権擁護のための暗躍があったことは見逃せない。彼はオーストリアに逃れ,12年ロシア皇帝の顧問となった。ドイツ解放とナポレオン打倒に奔走し,ウィーン会議にはロシア皇帝の顧問として出席したが,彼の理想主義的国民主義は会議を動かしえなかった。以後故郷に帰り,26年ウェストファリア州会議長をつとめた。この間 19年には「古ドイツ史協会」を設立して『モヌメンタ・ゲルマニアエ・ヒストリカ』 Monumenta Germaniae Historica編纂の基礎をおき,この事業は今日まで引継がれている。シュタイン改革案は当時種々の障害にあい全面的には実現できなかったが,K.ハルデンベルクに引継がれ,近代国家化のために重要な役割を果した。

シュタイン
Stein, Edith

[生]1891.10.12. ブレスラウ(現ポーランド,ウロツワフ)
[没]1942.8.9. オシフィエンチム
ユダヤ人でドイツの女性哲学者。修道名 Theresia Benedicta a Cruce。 E.フッサールの弟子でその助手を務めた。アウシュウィッツ (現オシフィエンチム) の強制収容所で死亡。 1922年カトリックに改宗,1922~31年シュパイアーの女子ドミニコ会教師,1933年ケルン,1938年エヒト (オランダ) の各女子カルメル会修道女。フッサールの現象学的方法を適用してトマス・アクィナスを研究した。主著『国家論』 Eine Untersuchung über den Staat (1924) ,『フッサールの現象学と聖トマス・アクィナス 』 Husserls Phänomenologie und die Philosophie des hl. Thomas v. Aquino (1929) ,『有限なるものと永遠の存在』 Endliches und ewiges Sein (1950) 。なお,全集 (5巻,1950~59) ,コンラート・マルティウスとの書簡集 (1960) がある。

シュタイン
Stein, Lorenz von

[生]1815.11.15. エッケルンフェルデ,ボールビ
[没]1890.9.23. ウィーン,バイディンガウ
ドイツの法学者,社会学者。キールとイエナ大学で哲学・法学を学ぶ。 1841年からパリ留学,フランスの社会主義・共産主義者と接触した。 46年キール大学教授となったのち,55年から 88年までウィーン大学の国家学教授。ヘーゲル法哲学とフランス社会主義の影響のもとに,階級対立をはらんだ市民社会に君主の行政が介入することによって労働者階級を保護するという独特の社会君主論を唱えた。ほかに経済学,行政学,財政学の分野でも業績を残している。 82年,憲法起草準備のため渡欧した伊藤博文を指導して,影響を与えたことでも有名である。主著『平等原理と社会主義 (原題:今日のフランスにおける社会主義と共産主義) 』 (1842) 。

シュタイン
Stein, Peter

[生]1937. ベルリン
ドイツの演出家。 1970~85年,西ベルリンのシャウビューネ劇場の芸術監督をつとめ,詳細な歴史考証に基づく重層的な解釈による古典の上演で,一世を風靡する。その舞台は,ドラマターグを活用した集団指導によるもので,西欧近代についての鋭い批評性に満ちていると評価される。代表作に『シェークスピア・記憶』 (1966) ,イプセンの『ペール・ギュント』 (71) ,チェーホフの『三人姉妹』 (84) など。

シュタイン
Stein, Charlotte von

[生]1742.12.25. アイゼナハ
[没]1827.1.6. ワイマール
ドイツ,ワイマール大公国の公妃侍女。 1764年フリードリヒ・シュタイン男爵と結婚,75年ゲーテと知合って恋愛関係に入り,12年間の交際を通してゲーテの作家的成長に大きな影響を与えた。ゲーテの作品『タウリスのイフィゲーニェ』のイフィゲーニェ,『ウィルヘルム・マイスター』のナタリエは彼女の人物像から着想された。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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