Under the Civil Execution ActIt is one of the methods of enforcement of compulsory performance, in which the enforcement agency exerts direct power over the debtor's property, regardless of the debtor's will, in order to realize the content of the performance (Civil Code, Article 414, Paragraph 1). For example, in the case of a monetary claim, the debtor's property may be converted into cash and given to the creditor, or in the case of a claim for the delivery or eviction of movable or immovable property, the debtor's possession may be released and transferred to the creditor's possession. In the case of execution by direct enforcement, the state power is directly exercised, but on the other hand, the debtor is not required to actively cooperate with the execution, so the debtor's body or will is rarely oppressed, and it can be said to be a method that conforms to the spirit of modern law, which idealizes respect for the person and eliminates personal execution. Under current law, the enforcement of monetary claims (Civil Execution Act, Articles 43 et seq.), claims seeking the delivery or eviction of real estate or an inhabited ship (Civil Execution Act, Article 168), claims seeking the delivery of specific movable property (Civil Execution Act, Article 169), and claims seeking the delivery of an object in the hands of a third party (Civil Execution Act, Article 170) are based on this basic method of direct enforcement. There are three types of enforcement in terms of enforcement methods: direct enforcement, substitute enforcement, and indirect enforcement. The relationship between these three types is that direct enforcement is the basic enforcement method, and in the case of the enforcement of substitute obligations to act or refrain from acting, where direct enforcement is not possible, substitute enforcement (Civil Code Article 414, Paragraph 2, Civil Execution Act Article 171) is permitted, and in the case of the enforcement of non-substitute obligations to act or refrain from acting, where substitute enforcement is also not possible, indirect enforcement (Civil Execution Act Article 172) is permitted. [Takeyoshi Uchida] Under administrative lawAn administrative enforcement measure in which an administrative agency directly and physically applies force to the body or property of an obligor to bring about a state of compliance with the obligation. This was generally permitted under the old Administrative Enforcement Act before World War II, and for example, it was permitted to forcibly close a business establishment that violated an order to suspend business. However, this system was too comprehensive and led to human rights violations, so it was generally abolished after the war, and only exceptional cases remain, such as the isolation and detention of patients (isolating them for a certain period of time for observation) under the Quarantine Act. [Yasuhito Abe] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
民事執行法上強制履行の執行方法の一つで、債務者の意思とは関係なく執行機関が債務者の財産に直接権力を加えて、給付内容の実現を図るもの(民法414条1項)。たとえば、金銭債権について、債務者の財産を換価し、これを債権者に与えたり、あるいは、動産・不動産の引渡しまたは明渡しを目的とする債権について、債務者の占有を解いて債権者の占有に移すなどである。直接強制による執行方法においては、国家権力が直接的に発動されるが、その反面として債務者が執行に積極的に協力することが要求されないので、債務者の身体や意思が圧迫されることが少なく、人格尊重を理想として人的執行を排除した近代法の精神にかなった方法といえる。現行法も、金銭債権の執行(民事執行法43条以下)、不動産または人の居住する船舶の引渡しまたは明渡しを求める債権の執行(同法168条)、特定の動産の引渡しを求める債権の執行(同法169条)、第三者の手中に存する目的物の引渡しを求める債権の執行(同法170条)は、この原則的な直接強制の方法によっている。 執行方法からみた強制履行の分類として、直接強制、代替執行、間接強制の3種がある。この3種の相互関係は、まず直接強制が原則的執行方法であり、直接強制ができない代替的作為不作為義務の執行の場合には、代替執行(民法414条2項、民事執行法171条)により、さらに代替執行も不可能な不代替的作為不作為義務執行の場合に初めて間接強制(民事執行法172条)が許されるとするのが通説である。 [内田武吉] 行政法上行政機関が直接的・物理的方法で義務者の身体・財産に実力を加え、義務に適合した状態を実現するための行政強制手段。第二次世界大戦前の旧行政執行法ではこれを一般的に認めていたので、たとえば営業停止命令違反の営業所を実力で閉鎖することなどが認められていた。しかし、この制度はあまりに包括的で、人権侵害を招くので、戦後は一般的に廃止され、例外的に、検疫法による患者などの隔離・停留(経過観察のために一定期間隔離すること)の例がみられるにすぎない。 [阿部泰隆] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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