Todai

The amount of tax collected per tan of rice fields during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. For example, when five to were paid per tan, it was called gotodai. In the late Heian period, rice fields were santodai and fields were 1 to to 1.5 shodai, but in the Kamakura period, as productivity increased and the lords strengthened their exploitation, the amount became high todai and became unstable depending on the lord and region. In addition, it was often subdivided to realize the amount of tax collected according to the productivity of the cultivated land, and according to the 1265 (Bun'ei 2) "Wakasa Province Soden Number Book (Ota-bumi)", eight types of todai can be confirmed, ranging from 3 to 9 todai, with 6 to 4 sho 8 godai as the center (Kamakura Ibun No. 9422). In the Edo period, its meaning changed, and as it states, "Although Todai is another name for Kokumori, it is mistakenly called Todai even when peasants are collecting tan (rice field)" (Jikata Yoshuroku), Kokumori came to mean the official harvest yield per tan of rice field.

[Kimura Shigemitsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

鎌倉・室町時代の田畑一段当りの年貢収納高。たとえば、一段につき五斗納めるときは五斗代といった。平安時代後期では、田地が三斗代、畑地が一斗～一斗五升代であったが、鎌倉期にかけて、生産力の増大とそれに伴う領主の収奪強化のために、高斗代化するとともに、領主・地域により一定しなくなった。また、耕地の生産力に応じた収納を実現するために細分化されることも多く、1265年（文永2）の「若狭(わかさ)国惣田(そうでん)数帳（大田文(おおたぶみ)）」によれば、六斗四升八合代を中心に、三斗代から九斗代まで8種類の斗代を確認することができる（鎌倉遺文9422号）。江戸時代になるとその意味は変化していって、「斗代といふは石盛(こくもり)の異名に候得共(そうらえども)、百姓等反取(たんどり)候事迄(まで)も斗代と唱違也(となえたがうなり)」（地方(じかた)要集録）とあるように、石盛＝田畑一段当りの公定収穫高を意味するようになった。

［木村茂光］

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