Special courts are courts of a special line that are outside the line of courts that generally exercise judicial power (regular courts) and that try cases only involving special people, special regions, or special cases. For example, under the Meiji Constitution, there were the Imperial Court for the Imperial Family, the military courts for military personnel, the Overseas Courts with jurisdiction only in overseas territories, and the Administrative Courts with authority only in administrative cases. The current Constitution of Japan prohibits the establishment of special courts, stating that "Special courts shall not be established" (Article 76, paragraph 2). However, even if a court only deals with a special type of case, a court established by the Court Act as a lower court under the Supreme Court (e.g., a family court) is not considered to be a special court. [Takeyoshi Uchida] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的に司法権を行う裁判所(通常裁判所)の系統の外にあって、特殊の人、特殊の地域、特殊の事件だけについて裁判をする特別の系統の裁判所をいう。たとえば明治憲法下での、皇族についての皇室裁判所、軍人についての軍法会議、外地にだけ裁判権をもつ外地裁判所、行政事件についてだけ権限をもつ行政裁判所などがこれであった。現行日本国憲法では、「特別裁判所は、これを設置することができない」(76条2項)として、その設置が禁じられている。しかし、特別の種類の事件だけを扱う裁判所であっても、最高裁判所の下にある下級裁判所として裁判所法により設置されたもの(例、家庭裁判所)は、特別裁判所ではないと解されている。 [内田武吉] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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