Also called ethology. A branch of biology. It is a field that studies animal behavior and has many aspects, such as the methodology of behavioral observation and data organization, the physiological and neural mechanisms of behavioral development, the adaptive meaning of behavior, comparisons between different species, and the process of evolution. The term was coined long ago by E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire (1859), but it was later systematized as an academic field by K. Lorenz and N. Tinbergen in the mid-20th century, after O. Heinroth and C. Whitman. In the past, there was a European school that observed animals in their natural state and mainly dealt with questions of instinct, and an American school that studied learning in mice in laboratories, but now they are unified and research is active, focusing on the physiological mechanisms of behavior. Lorenz, Tinbergen, and K. von Frisch, who studied the behavior of honeybees, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
エソロジーともいう。生物学の一分野。動物の行動を研究する学問で,行動観察と資料整理の方法論,行動開発の生理的・神経的機構,行動の適応的意味,異なる種間での比較,どのような過程で進化してきたのかという問題など,多面的な研究面をもつ。この語は古く E.ジョフロア・サン=チレールがつくったが (1859) ,O.ハインロート,C.ホイットマンらを経て,20世紀中頃に K.ローレンツや N.ティンベルヘンが学問としての体系を整えた。以前は,動物を自然状態で観察し,おもに本能の問題を扱うヨーロッパ学派と,実験室内でネズミの学習を中心に研究したアメリカ学派があったが,現在は統一され,行動の生理的な機構を中心とした研究が盛んである。ローレンツ,ティンベルヘンと,ミツバチの行動研究をした K.フォン・フリッシュは 1973年度ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受けた。
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