Frost heave

Japanese: 凍上 - とうじょう
Frost heave

This phenomenon occurs when underground moisture expands when it freezes, causing localized irregular heaves of the ground. Generally, soil shrinks when it simply freezes, and frost heave should not occur. When there is a layer of soil with poor permeability, the moisture that accumulates there freezes and causes frost heave. When soil with frost heave is dug up, countless layers of ice and lenticular ice can be seen. In summer, this ice can melt, leaving cavities. When there is a lot of snow, the insulation effect of the snow prevents frost heave. In Hokkaido, frozen soil can reach a depth of about 0.5 to 1 meter, and there is a risk that roads, railways, and various buildings may be destroyed by frost heave, so special civil engineering techniques are required.

[Atsushi Kurashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地中の水分が凍結するときの膨張により、地面が局部的に不規則に盛り上がる現象。一般に土壌は単に凍るだけでは収縮し、凍上はおこらないはずである。土壌中の通水性の悪い層がある場合、そこにたまった水分が凍結して凍上をおこすのである。凍上のおきている土を掘り起こすと、氷の層やレンズ状の細かい氷が無数にできているのがみられる。夏はこの氷が融(と)けて空洞になっていることがある。積雪が多いとその保温効果によって、凍上はおこらない。北海道では凍土は0.5~1メートル程度に達し、道路、鉄道、各種建造物が凍上により破壊されるおそれがあるため、土木工法に特別の技術が要求されている。

[倉嶋 厚]

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