This refers to a situation where the outside temperature drops so low that it exceeds the limits of the thermoregulatory mechanism, causing paralysis of the circulatory and nervous functions, and ultimately death. Most deaths are caused by accidents or disasters, but sometimes it is the result of abuse of infants and the mentally ill (left outside or in an unheated room). A condition for death by freezing is a low environmental temperature, but the temperature does not have to be below zero, so a frozen body does not necessarily have frostbite. It is also common to feel abnormally cold when standing in front of an electric fan while still wet after a bath, and ventilation and humidity are also important conditions that take away body heat. In particular, if the whole body is immersed in cold water with a temperature of 5°C, it is said that death by freezing will occur within a few hours. In addition to these conditions, factors such as the thickness of clothing, age, nutritional state, degree of fatigue, presence or absence of wounds or illness, and intoxication are also related. In particular, when one is intoxicated with alcohol, the central nervous system is disrupted and the blood vessels in the skin expand, causing a rapid loss of body heat and increasing the risk of freezing to death. The process of freezing to death can be divided into four stages: excitement, ataxia, paralysis, and collapse. Finally, ventricular fibrillation, respiratory paralysis, and decreased enzyme activity occur, leading to death. The rectal temperature at the time of death is said to have dropped to around 26-30°C. Frozen bodies generally lack specific findings, but the left atrium is often bright red, in contrast to the dark red blood in the right and ventricles. This is because oxygen in the cold air inhaled just before death combines with the hemoglobin in the blood of the left heart, and is said to be unique to frozen bodies. In addition, it is known that the spots on the skin turn bright red, but this is because oxygen seeps through the skin and combines with the hemoglobin in the skin, and this finding can be seen even when a body other than that of a frozen body is placed at a low temperature. It has been reported that some frozen bodies are found naked, with all clothing removed, although the cause is unclear. [Furukawa Masataka] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
外界の気温などが体温調節機構の限界を超えるほどに低くなり、その結果として循環機能や神経機能が麻痺(まひ)し、ついには死亡することをいう。凍死は大部分が事故、災害によるものであるが、ときに乳幼児や精神病者等に対する虐待(戸外放置や暖房のない室内放置)の結果としておこる場合もある。凍死の発生条件としては環境温度が低いことがあげられるが、その温度は零下である必要はないため、凍死体に凍傷が存するとは限らない。また、風呂(ふろ)あがりに身体がぬれたまま扇風機の前に立つと、異常に寒く感じることはよく経験されるが、このように通風とか湿気も体熱を奪う重要な条件である。とくに全身が冷水につかった場合、それが5℃の水温であると、数時間以内で凍死するといわれている。こうした条件のほか、着衣の厚薄、年齢、栄養状態、疲労程度、創傷・疾病の有無、酩酊(めいてい)などが関係する。とくにアルコール酩酊時には、中枢機能の失調、皮膚血管の拡張がおこり、著しく体温が放熱されるので凍死する危険性は高い。 凍死の経過は、興奮期、失調期、麻痺期、虚脱期の四期に分けられ、最後は心室細動、呼吸麻痺、酵素活性の低下などを惹起(じゃっき)し、死に至るが、死亡時の直腸温は26~30℃内外まで低下するといわれる。一般に凍死体は特異所見に乏しいが、右心房・心室内血液の暗赤色に対して、左心房内は鮮紅色を呈することが多く、これは、死亡直前に吸引した冷気中の酸素が左心系血液のヘモグロビンと結合するためで、凍死体に特有ともいわれている。そのほか、死斑(しはん)が鮮紅色になることも知られているが、これは、皮膚からしみ込んだ酸素が同部のヘモグロビンと結合するためで、凍死以外の死体を低温下に置いても認めうる所見である。なお、凍死体のなかには、原因はよくわからないが、着衣を脱ぎ捨て、ときには全裸で発見されるという報告がある。 [古川理孝] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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