The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo

Japanese: 東京国立近代美術館 - とうきょうこくりつきんだいびじゅつかん(英語表記)The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo
The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo

Japan's first national art museum (abbreviated as MOMAT) is located in Kitanomaru Park in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo. It opened in 1952 (Showa 27) as the "National Museum of Modern Art" in Kyobashi, Chuo Ward, Tokyo. In 1963, a Kyoto branch was established, but in 1967, following an amendment to the Ministry of Education Establishment Act, the Kyoto branch became independent as the "National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto," and the museum was renamed to its current name. Since 2001 (Heisei 13), it has been managed by the Independent Administrative Institution, the National Museum of Art.

The building at the time of its opening was a remodeled version of the former Nikkatsu headquarters building, designed by Maekawa Kunio. Art historians and art critics Imaizumi Atsuo (1902-1984) and Kawakita Michiaki (1914-1995) served as the first deputy director and business manager, respectively, and the museum was initially focused on special exhibitions. Modeled on the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the museum limited its focus to works of Fauvism and Cubism and later, and also actively promoted films. The museum also placed emphasis on educational programs, holding film screenings and lectures in the screening room of the former Nikkatsu headquarters building. An extension in 1958 allowed the museum to accommodate a permanent exhibition of modern Japanese paintings.

In 1969, a new building designed by Yoshiro Taniguchi was opened in Kitanomaru Park, thanks to a donation from Shojiro Ishibashi, a council member since the museum's founding, and the museum was relocated from Kyobashi. The location was chosen near the Imperial Palace, at Ishibashi's request. The move made it possible for the museum to display a full-scale permanent exhibition of its collection for the first time.

Through purchases and other means, the collection now numbers more than 13,000 pieces (as of 2021). Since 1907 (Meiji 40), the government has held the Ministry of Education Art Exhibition (Bunten) every year. This was succeeded by the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts Exhibition (Tei-ten) in 1919 (Taisho 8) and the Shin-Bunten in 1937 (Showa 12), when the government established a system of purchasing works from those exhibited at the Bunten and Shin-Bunten exhibitions. Many of the purchased works are housed at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.

Exhibitions such as "From Dadaism to Surrealism in Japan" (1968), "Surrealism" (1975), which juxtaposed Western and Japanese movements, and "Cubism" (1976) were planned as attempts to connect the trends in contemporary Western art with corresponding art movements in Japan.

Additionally, between 1999 and 2001 the museum underwent expansion and renovation, with the exhibition rooms being enlarged, the library being renovated, and a new restaurant and museum shop being opened.

The National Film Archive of Japan (formerly the National Film Center of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo) was established as the film department when the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo opened. In 1969, following an amendment to the Enforcement Regulations of the Ministry of Education Establishment Act, it became the "Film Center," and in 1970, after the main building was moved to Kitanomaru Park, the old building in Kyobashi was made the exclusive facility for the Film Center. It is the only national film institution in Japan, and joined the International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) as a full member in 1993. Part of the collection was destroyed in a fire in 1984. In 1986, a branch of the Film Center was established in Sagamihara City, Kanagawa Prefecture. In 2018, it became independent from the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo and became the "National Film Archive of Japan."

In 1977, the Crafts Museum opened in Kitanomaru Park as an annex. Based on the transfer of works from the Agency for Cultural Affairs and 474 works from the main museum, the museum has a collection of approximately 4,000 domestic and international craft works (as of 2021), mainly from after World War II, including ceramics, glass, dyed and woven textiles, lacquerware, wood and bamboo work. The works transferred from the Agency for Cultural Affairs were purchased from works exhibited at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. This building is a repurposed two-story brick building that was the former Imperial Guard Division Headquarters (a national important cultural property) built in 1910 to a design by army engineer Yasushi Tamura (1878-1942). In 2020, it moved to Hondanomori Park in Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture, and is commonly known as the "National Crafts Museum" (official name from April 2021). The buildings are the former 9th Army Division Headquarters building, built in 1898 (Meiji 31), and the former Army Kanazawa Kaikosha Shrine, built in 1909, which were relocated here.

[Washida Meruro December 14, 2021]

[References] | Shojiro Ishibashi | Cubism | National Film Archive | National Crafts Museum | National Museum of Art | Yoshiro Taniguchi | Museum of Modern Art, New York | Fauvism | Kunio Maekawa | Official Exhibition

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東京都千代田区北の丸公園内にある日本で最初の国立美術館(略称MOMAT(モマット))。1952年(昭和27)、東京都中央区京橋で「国立近代美術館」として開館。1963年、京都分館を設置したが、1967年、文部省設置法改正により京都分館が「京都国立近代美術館」として独立したため現名称に改称された。2001年(平成13)からは独立行政法人国立美術館の運営となった。

 開館時の建物は、旧日活本社ビルを前川国男の設計により改装したもの。美術史家、美術評論家の今泉篤男(1902―1984)、河北倫明(かわきたみちあき)(1914―1995)がそれぞれ初代次長、事業課長を務め、当初は企画展を中心とする運営を行った。MoMA(モマ)(ニューヨーク近代美術館)をモデルとした運営を行い、フォービスム、キュビスム以降の作品に対象を限定し、映画なども積極的に取り上げた。また、教育プログラムにも力を入れ、旧日活本社ビル試写室を利用した映画上映、講演会などを開催した。1958年の増築工事により、近代日本絵画の常設展示ができるようになった。

 1969年北の丸公園内に、設立当初からの評議員であった石橋正二郎の寄贈により、谷口吉郎設計の新館が開館し、京橋から移転。移転地は、石橋の希望で皇居の近くが選ばれた。移転によって本格的なコレクションの常設展示が初めて可能となった。

 コレクションは購入などを通じ、1万3000点以上(2021年現在)に及ぶ。1907年(明治40)以来、政府は毎年文部省美術展覧会(文展)を開いた。これは1919年(大正8)帝国美術院美術展覧会(帝展)を経て、1937年(昭和12)新文展へと継承され、政府は文展、新文展出品作品から買い上げる制度を設けた。その買い上げ作品の多くは東京国立近代美術館に収蔵されている。

 展覧会では「日本におけるダダイスムからシュルレアリスムへ」展(1968)、欧米と日本の動きが併置された「シュルレアリスム」展(1975)、「キュービズム」展(1976)など、欧米の現代美術の流れとそれに対応する日本における美術の動きをつなげる試みが企画された。

 また、1999年(平成11)から2001年にかけて増改築し、展示室の拡張、図書室の整備が行われ、レストランやミュージアム・ショップが新設された。

 国立映画アーカイブ(旧、東京国立近代美術館フィルムセンター)は東京国立近代美術館開館時に映画部門として開設。1969年(昭和44)、文部省設置法施行規則改正により「フィルムセンター」となり、本館が北の丸公園に移転後の1970年、京橋の旧館をフィルムセンターの専用施設とした。日本で唯一の国立映画機関であり、1993年国際フィルム・アーカイブ連盟(FIAF)に正会員として加盟している。1984年火災によりコレクションの一部が焼失した。1986年には神奈川県相模原市にフィルムセンターの分館が設けられた。2018年(平成30)東京国立近代美術館より独立し「国立映画アーカイブ」となった。

 また、1977年(昭和52)分館として工芸館が北の丸公園内に開館。文化庁からの移管および本館からの作品474点をもとに、陶磁器、ガラス、染織、漆工、木竹工など、第二次世界大戦後のものを中心に、国内外の工芸作品約4000点(2021年現在)を所蔵する。文化庁からの移管分は日本伝統工芸展出品作から購入されたものなどである。この建物は、1910年、陸軍技師田村鎮(やすし)(1878―1942)の設計により建てられた2階建てれんが造りの旧近衛師団司令部庁舎(国の重要文化財)を転用したものである。2020年、通称を「国立工芸館」(2021年4月より正式名称)として石川県金沢市の本多の森公園に移転。建物は、1898年(明治31)に建てられた旧陸軍第九師団司令部庁舎と、1909年に建てられた旧陸軍金沢偕行社(かいこうしゃ)を移築したものである。

[鷲田めるろ 2021年12月14日]

[参照項目] | 石橋正二郎 | キュビスム | 国立映画アーカイブ | 国立工芸館 | 国立美術館 | 谷口吉郎 | ニューヨーク近代美術館 | フォービスム | 前川国男 | 官展

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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