Assimilation policy - Doukaseisaku

Japanese: 同化政策 - どうかせいさく
Assimilation policy - Doukaseisaku

The phenomenon in which a particular culture is subsumed by another heterogeneous culture, or in which a group or individual who carries a particular culture becomes part of the carriers of another heterogeneous culture, is called social assimilation, or simply assimilation, to distinguish it from the phenomenon of biological assimilation. The phenomenon in which different cultures spontaneously create a homogeneous culture separate from the original cultures without coercion is called integration. Assimilation and integration are distinguished as analytical or theoretical concepts, but in reality, it is often difficult to distinguish them. Coercion and spontaneity are often actually mixed, especially in the case of individuals. Assimilation appears in the process of adjusting cultural differences, whether voluntarily or coerced, but coercion usually involves some form of suppression or appeasement through laws, customs, or administrative measures, and the degree of coercion varies. Assimilation policy is the institutionalization of such coercion as a policy.

Assimilation can take the form of absorption or fusion. In the case of "absorption," a powerful or dominant group forces its own culture on a weaker or subordinate group in a one-way manner, ultimately causing the latter to lose its unique traditional culture (language, writing, religion, art, values, customs, etc.) and unity. The Japanese government has consistently pursued an assimilation policy since the Meiji era, forcing Koreans during the colonial period to learn the Japanese language, change their surnames, and adopt Shintoism at shrines, which was met with fierce resistance, and also drove the Ainu culture to the brink of extinction. In many cases, subordinate groups are "absorbed," but the opposite can also happen. For example, in the Qing Dynasty in China, the ruling group, the Manchus, did not succeed in assimilating the Han Chinese under their control, and were instead almost "absorbed" into the Han culture. It was after World War II that an international trend began to reconsider the absurdity of assimilation policies and to respect the unique cultures of heterogeneous groups. For example, in the United States and Australia, the initial policies of eradicating or despising cultures different from the Anglo-Saxon culture within the country were later changed to policies of assimilation, and from the latter half of the 20th century, they began to respect unique cultures. The policies of ethnic minorities in socialist countries (the former Soviet Union, China, etc.) have been to respect and nurture the unique cultures of each ethnic group from the beginning.

On the other hand, "fusion" is a phenomenon in which a new homogeneous culture is born through mutual adjustment between heterogeneous groups, whether it is implemented as a policy or based on the people's spontaneity, whether there is a relationship of dominance or subordination between groups, whether there is conflict or not, and whether it is peaceful. The process of formation of the nation-state, the unit that supports the current world order, and the so-called ethnic groups that carry it, saw the phenomenon of "fusion" to a greater or lesser extent, and is accelerating today. Therefore, strictly speaking, there are no nation-states or ethnic groups, including Japan, that have a purely homogeneous culture. In that sense, from a broad perspective, assimilation policies functioned in a short-term and localized manner on the grand stage of "fusion," which is universal in human history, but they are gradually disappearing from the stage of history.

[Jiro Suzuki]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the Chechen conflict occurred in Russia, and tragic incidents known as "ethnic cleansing" occurred in the former Yugoslavia, resulting in the emergence of ethnic independence struggles against assimilation policies. In China, too, the Tibetan, Uighur, and Mongolian ethnic groups are insisting on protecting their own cultures that are distinct from those of the Han people, and movements calling for freedom and human rights are intensifying.

Furthermore, since the 1980s, the United Nations has been working to eliminate discrimination against indigenous peoples and to protect their human rights, and the General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in September 2007. In addition, in February 2008, the Australian government and in June of the same year, the Canadian government both acknowledged the errors of their past assimilation policies and issued official apologies to indigenous peoples.

[Editorial Department]

MM Gordon Assimilation in American Life (1964, Oxford Univ. Press, NY, USA) Suzuki Jiro, Retrospective of Assimilation and Protection Policies (included in Traces of the Kotan, edited and published by the Asahikawa Human Rights Commissioners Association, 1971)

[References] | Integration | Acculturation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある特定の文化が別の異質文化に包摂されたり、またはある特定の文化を担う集団ないし個人が別の異質文化の担い手の一部分になる現象を、生物の同化現象と区別して社会的同化、または単に同化assimilationという。異なる複数の文化が、元の各文化とは別の等質的な文化を、強制を伴わず自発的につくりだす現象は、統合integrationといわれる。同化と統合は分析ないし理論上の概念としては区別されるが、現実には区別しにくい場合が多い。また強制と自発性は多くの場合、とくに個人については実際には複合している。同化は、自発的にか強制されて文化の違いを調整するなかで現れるのであるが、普通、強制は法、慣習、行政措置を通して、なんらかの抑圧ないし懐柔を伴っており、強制の程度は強弱さまざまである。こうした強制を政策として制度化したものが同化政策である。

 同化は吸収か融合の形をとる。「吸収」の場合、強大ないし支配的な集団は弱小ないし従属的な集団に自らの文化を一方通行の形で強制し、最終的には後者の独自な伝統文化(言語、文字、宗教、芸術、価値観、習俗など)と統一性を喪失させる。日本政府は、明治以来一貫して同化政策を取り続け、植民地時代の朝鮮人に日本語、創氏改名、神社神道(しんとう)などを強制して激しく抵抗されたし、またアイヌ文化を絶滅に近い状態に追い込んだ。多くの場合、従属集団は「吸収」されるが、逆の場合もある。たとえば中国の清(しん)朝では、支配集団である満族(満洲族)は支配下に置いた漢族の同化に成功せず、むしろほとんど漢文化に「吸収」された。同化政策の不条理を見直し、異質集団の独自文化を尊重する国際的潮流が高まったのは、第二次世界大戦後である。たとえばアメリカ合衆国とオーストラリアでは、国内におけるアングロ・サクソン文化とは異質の文化を抹殺ないし蔑視(べっし)する当初の政策は、その後同化政策に転じ、20世紀後半から独自文化を尊重するようになった。社会主義諸国(旧ソ連、中国など)の少数民族政策は、当初から各民族の独自文化を尊重し育成している。

 他方、「融合」は、政策として施行されるにせよ民衆の自発性に基づくにせよ、集団間の支配・従属関係があるにせよないにせよ、また衝突するにせよ平和裏にせよ、異質集団間の相互調整を経て、別の新しい等質文化が生まれる現象である。現在の世界秩序を支える単位としての国民国家、およびその担い手である民族と称されるものの形成過程には、多かれ少なかれ「融合」の現象がみられたし、今日それが加速されている。したがって厳密にいえば、日本をも含めて、純粋に単一の文化をもつ国民国家も民族も存在しない。その意味で、大局的にみれば、同化政策は、人類史に普遍的な「融合」という大舞台のうえで短期的、局地的に機能したのであるが、漸次歴史の舞台から消えようとしている。

[鈴木二郎]

 1991年12月にソ連が崩壊し、冷戦が終結した後、ロシアではチェチェン紛争、旧ユーゴスラビアでは「民族浄化」と称した悲惨な事件が発生し、同化政策に反対する民族独立闘争が顕在化している。中国においても、チベット、ウイグル、モンゴルのそれぞれの民族が漢民族とは違う独自の文化を守ることを主張し、自由と人権を求める運動が激化している。

 また、国際連合においては、1980年代から、先住民への差別撤廃、人権擁護に対する取組が進められ、2007年9月に「先住民族の権利に関する国際連合宣言」が総会で採択された。また、2008年2月にオーストラリア政府が、同年6月にカナダ政府がともに、過去の同化政策に対してその誤りを認め、先住民に対して公式謝罪を発表した。

[編集部]

『M. M. GordonAssimilation in American Life (1964, Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y., U.S.A.)』『鈴木二郎著『同化と保護政策の回顧』(旭川人権擁護委員連合会編・刊『コタンの痕跡』所収・1971)』

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