It is the official language of the Kingdom of Denmark, and is also used in the Faroe Islands and Greenland. It is a member of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, and is one of the Nordic languages, closely related to Swedish and Norwegian. When you listen to Danish, even fellow Nordic people find it a little difficult to understand. This is because Danish has undergone major phonetic changes. For example, what is a difference in tone in Swedish or Norwegian has changed to whether or not the larynx is tense in Danish. This articulation is called "glottal closure," but the glottis is not actually closed. Another characteristic of Danish is that the plosives after vowels have weakened. In other words, p, t, and k have become b, d, and g, respectively, and in some cases have further changed into fricatives, and some have even disappeared. For example, the word "bake bread" is spelled the same as baka in Swedish and bage in Danish, but when you hear it, it sounds quite different, "ba-ka" and "ba-e," due in part to the difference in the tone of the vowels. The relationship between spelling and pronunciation has become complicated because of the significant changes in pronunciation. There are no one-to-one correspondences between the nine vowels and their pronunciation, and there are also consonants that are not pronounced. For example, the u in guld (gold) and bund (bottom) is pronounced differently, and the d at the end of both words is silent. The current orthography was established in 1889 and was partially revised in 1948, when the custom of capitalizing nouns disappeared. Grammatically, German is very similar to English in that its word-form conjugation is very simplified. Nouns do not undergo case conjugation other than the genitive s, and verbs do not change with number or person. Nouns are also distinguished between common and neuter, and the definite article added to the end of a noun takes a different form depending on the noun's gender and number. Since the Middle Ages, German has adopted many words, prefixes, and suffixes from Low German, and has also compounded many words following the example of High German, so its vocabulary structure is similar to that of German. [Nobuko Fukui] "Introduction to Danish" by Hata Koichi (1978, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Introduction to Modern Danish" by Okada Reiko, Sugawara Kunishiro, and Mase Hideo (1984, Daigaku Shorin)" ▽ "Self-Study Danish Grammar" by Yamanobe Isuzu (1986, Daigaku Shorin)" ▽ "Express Danish" by Yokoyama Tamiji (1988, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Nordic Languages" edited by Alan Kirker et al., translated by Yamashita Yasufumi et al. (2001, Tokai University Press) [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
デンマーク王国の公用語で、国内のほかフェロー諸島、グリーンランドでも使われている。系統的にはインド・ヨーロッパ語族ゲルマン語派のノルド諸言語の一つで、とくにスウェーデン語、ノルウェー語と近い関係にある。 デンマーク語を耳で聞くと、同じ北欧人でも多少わかりにくいと感じる。それは、デンマーク語が音声面で大きく変化したためで、たとえばスウェーデン語やノルウェー語では音調の違いであるものが、デンマーク語では喉頭(こうとう)を緊張させるかどうかの違いに変わってしまった。この調音は「声門閉鎖」とよばれるが、声門が実際に閉鎖されるわけではない。さらにデンマーク語の特徴として、母音の後ろの破裂音が弱まった。つまりp、t、kがそれぞれb、d、gになり、場合によってはさらに摩擦音に変化し、なかには消えてしまったものもある。たとえば「パンを焼く」という語は、スウェーデン語baka、デンマーク語bageと同じようにつづるが、耳で聞くと母音の音色の違いもあって、「バーカ」「ベーェ」とかなり違う。発音の変化が著しいため、つづり字と発音の関係は複雑になっている。九つある母音字は文字と発音が一対一に対応せず、また発音されない子音字がある。たとえば、guld(金)とbund(底)ではuの発音が異なり、語末のdはどちらも発音されない。 現在の正書法は1889年に確立されたもので、1948年に一部改められ、名詞を大文字で書き始める習慣はなくなった。文法的には、語形変化がたいへん単純化している点、英語によく似ている。名詞は属格でsがつくほか格変化をせず、動詞も数や人称で変化しない。また名詞には共性と中性の区別があり、名詞の語末に付加される定冠詞は、名詞の性、数によって形が異なる。中世以来、低地ドイツ語から単語や接頭辞、接尾辞を多数取り入れ、また高地ドイツ語に倣って数多くの語を合成したため、語彙(ごい)の構成はドイツ語に似ている。 [福井信子] 『秦宏一著『デンマーク語の入門』(1978・白水社)』▽『岡田令子・菅原邦城・間瀬英夫著『現代デンマーク語入門』(1984・大学書林)』▽『山野辺五十鈴著『自習 デンマーク語文法』(1986・大学書林)』▽『横山民司著『エクスプレス デンマーク語』(1988・白水社)』▽『アラン・カーカー他編、山下泰文他訳『北欧のことば』(2001・東海大学出版会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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