Puerperium

Japanese: 産褥 - さんじょく(英語表記)puerperium
Puerperium

This is the period from when the morphological and functional changes in the mother's body caused by pregnancy and childbirth return to their pre-pregnancy state (reversion) after childbirth. It usually lasts for 6 to 8 weeks after the end of childbirth, but there are individual differences, and even the same woman often has different periods from birth to birth. A woman in this period is called a puerpera.

The most obvious sign of involution is the genitals; immediately after delivery, the uterus contracts hard and the fundus can be felt through the abdominal wall, but around the 10th day, the fundus retracts and cannot be felt. The cervical os and vaginal cavity also involute in 3-4 weeks, but a transverse cleft remains at the external cervical os, and the vagina becomes somewhat wider and smoother. The hymen also becomes vestigial. Other organs in the body also involute in 3-4 weeks, but the abdominal wall retains the old stretch marks, one of the characteristics of multiparous women. Conversely, the mammary glands become more active and begin to secrete milk. In the early puerperal period, excretions from the genitals, mainly wound secretions from the placental detachment surface of the uterus, are seen; these are called lochia.

Although the puerperium is essentially a physiological phenomenon, there is a large area of ​​the genitals, especially the uterus, where the placenta has detached, and there is a risk of bleeding and infection. For information on health during the puerperal period, please refer to the "Postpartum" section.

In addition to infection-induced puerperal fever, puerperal depression and puerperal cardiomyopathy can also occur during the puerperal period. In other words, mental instability induced by endocrine disorders, physical and mental fatigue, and changes in the environment can cause symptoms such as depression, neurotic states, confusion, hallucinations, delusions, and amentia. Cardiomyopathy of unknown cause that occurs between 2 and 20 weeks after delivery (or between 1 month before delivery and 5 months after delivery) is called puerperal cardiomyopathy, and symptoms of congestive cardiomyopathy can be seen.

[Masao Arai]

Puerperal fever

A typical disease in the postpartum period, a fever of over 38°C for more than two days within 10 days after giving birth is clinically known as puerperal fever. It is a disease caused mainly by bacterial infection of genital wounds caused by childbirth, and does not include incidental infectious diseases or pyelonephritis. The causative bacteria differ before and after chemotherapy such as antibiotics, with a decrease in staphylococci and hemolytic streptococci and an increase in gram-negative bacilli, mainly intestinal bacteria such as E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Puerperal fever can range from localized to the genitals or adjacent organs to severe cases that affect the whole body and cause sepsis. Disinfection is the first step in prevention, and treatment includes chemotherapy and, depending on the symptoms, administering cardiac stimulants. Absolute bed rest is required, care is taken to keep warm, and high-energy food is provided.

[Masao Arai]

[Reference] | Lochia | Postpartum

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

妊娠・出産によって生じた母体の形態的・機能的変化が出産後に妊娠前の状態にほぼ回復(復古)するまでの期間をいう。通常、分娩(ぶんべん)終了後6~8週間にわたるが、個人差があり、同一人でも出産ごとに異なる場合が多い。この期間にある女性を褥婦puerperaという。

 復古のもっとも著明なのは性器で、分娩直後には子宮が固く収縮して腹壁上から子宮底を触れられるが、10日目前後になると子宮底が退縮して触れられなくなる。子宮口や腟腔(ちつくう)も3~4週で復古するが、外子宮口には横裂を残し、腟もやや広く平滑になる。処女膜も痕跡(こんせき)的となる。その他の全身臓器も3~4週で復古するが、腹壁には経産婦multiparaの特徴の一つである旧妊娠線が残される。乳腺(にゅうせん)だけは機能が逆に活発になり、乳汁分泌が始まる。また産褥初期には、子宮の胎盤剥離(はくり)面からの創傷分泌物を主とする性器からの排泄(はいせつ)物がみられ、これを悪露(おろ)とよぶ。

 産褥は本来生理的現象であるが、性器、とくに子宮には大きな胎盤剥離面があり、出血や感染の危険がある。産褥期の保健などについては「産後」の項目を参照されたい。

 産褥期には感染による産褥熱のほか、産褥期うつ病や産褥性心筋症などもみられる。すなわち、産褥期には内分泌異常、心身の疲労、環境の変化などに誘発される精神面の不安定状態が生じ、抑うつ状態、神経症様状態、錯乱状態、幻覚や妄想状態、アメンチアなどの症状が現れることがある。また、分娩後2~20週(あるいは分娩前1か月から分娩後5か月)の間にみられる原因不明の心筋症を産褥性心筋症といい、うっ血性心筋症の諸症状がみられる。

[新井正夫]

産褥熱

産褥期の代表的疾患で、出産後10日以内に2日間以上にわたって38℃を超える発熱をきたすものを、臨床上、産褥熱とよんでいる。主として分娩により生じた性器の創傷に細菌が感染しておこる疾患で、偶発する伝染性疾患や腎盂(じんう)腎炎などは含まれない。原因菌は、抗生物質など化学療法実施の前後で異なり、ブドウ球菌や溶血連鎖球菌などが減少し、大腸菌や肺炎桿菌(かんきん)などの腸内細菌を主にしたグラム陰性桿菌が増加している。

 産褥熱には、性器あるいは隣接臓器に限局しているものから、全身性で敗血症などをおこす重症のものまである。予防上消毒が第一であり、治療としては化学療法のほか、症状に応じては強心剤などを投与する。絶対安静を守り、保温に注意するほか、高エネルギー食を与える。

[新井正夫]

[参照項目] | 悪露 | 産後

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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