Speaker

Japanese: Speaker

...Members of the House of Representatives are elected through a single-seat constituency system, but they have a close relationship with their constituents, and they feel more like they are representatives of their constituencies than of the entire nation. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is chosen by the members of the House of Representatives, but is given the right to succeed the presidency after the Vice President. In Japan and the United Kingdom, under the parliamentary cabinet system, the majority party in parliament and the executive branch are closely connected, but in the United States, under the separation of powers system, the parliament and the executive branch are quite clearly separated, and members of the executive branch cannot become members of the House of Representatives. ...

From [Parliamentary Politics]

…The layout of the parliament, in which the ruling and opposition party members face each other and the leaders of each party sit in the front row and debate with each other, is well known as an image that embodies trust in governance through debate (along with the legend that the line drawn down the middle of the seats once indicated the distance where the tips of swords could not reach each other even if they fought). It is also well known that the Speaker had a high authority, and there was a practice of not fielding a candidate from the opposition party against a member who held that position. However, in the UK in the 1880s, when the Irish problem became complicated and members of the Irish National Party violently disrupted the filibuster, a system of closing debate was adopted and certain restrictions were introduced on the expression of minority opinions in response. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Speaker" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…下院議員は小選挙区制をもって選出されるが，選挙区民との関係は密接で，議員は全国民の代表というよりは，選挙区民の代表という意識が強い。下院議長Speakerは，議員より選ばれるが，副大統領についで大統領職継承権を与えられている。　日本やイギリスの場合，議院内閣制の下で議会多数党と行政部とが密着しているが，アメリカの場合には三権分立制の下で，議会と行政部とはかなり明確に分離しており，行政部の構成員は議員とはなれない。…

【議会政治】より

…与野党議員が向かいあい，それぞれのリーダーが最前列にいて討論の応酬をするという議場配置は，討論による統治への信頼を具体化するイメージとして，(向かいあった議席の中間に引かれた線が，かつては，剣をぬいて争っても刃先がとどかないだけの距離を示すものだったという言い伝えとともに)世に有名である。議長Speakerの権威が高く，その地位にある議員に対しては，反対党の側でも対立候補を立てないという慣行があったことも，よく知られている。もっとも，イギリスでも，1880年代に，アイルランド問題が紛糾し，アイルランド国民党に属する議員たちのはげしい議事妨害が行われ，それに対抗するものとして，討論終結制が採用され，少数意見の表明に対する一定の制限が導入される，という事情があった。…

※「Speaker」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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