Gill hole - gill hole

Japanese: えら穴 - えらあな
Gill hole - gill hole

…In vertebrates, the anterior part of the digestive tract, between the mouth and the esophagus, where, at least in the embryonic stage, several pharyngeal sacs (visceral sacs) develop side by side on both sides of the tract. The pharyngeal sac is a pocket-like depression in the inner wall of the digestive tract that, in fish, amphibian larvae, and some adult amphibians, opens to the outside world to become gill openings, and numerous gills develop on the anterior and posterior walls. In other air-breathing vertebrates, i.e. amniotes, the pharyngeal sac does not open to the outside world, gills do not develop, and they degenerate and disappear with growth, but various so-called gill-like organs differentiate from the tissues nearby. …

From [External Ear]

…In reptiles and other vertebrates, when the eardrum is recessed from the body surface, the entire part of the body outside the eardrum is called the external ear. The so-called ear canal is the main part. The external ear is integrated with the middle and inner ear to form the ear. From an evolutionary perspective, the external ear, along with the middle ear and the Eustachian tube (also called the Eustachian tube), originated from the anterior gill opening of the ancestral primitive fish, and is homologous to the respiratory hole (degenerate gill opening) of sharks. Therefore, in fish, the ear is primarily an organ of balance, and the external and middle ears do not exist. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "gill hole" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…脊椎動物では,消化管の前部で口腔と食道の中間にあり,少なくとも胚の時期にはその両側壁にいくつかの咽頭囊(内臓囊)が前後に並んで発生する部分。咽頭囊は消化管の内壁が側方へ向かってポケット状にくぼんだもので,魚類,両生類幼生および一部の両生類成体では,外界へ開通して鰓孔(さいこう)(えら穴)となり,その前後の壁に多数のえらを生ずる。その他の空気呼吸をする脊椎動物つまり有羊膜類では,咽頭囊は原則として外通せず,えらは発生せず,成長とともに退化消失するが,その付近の組織から種々のいわゆる鰓性器官が分化する。…

【外耳】より

…爬虫類以上の脊椎動物において,鼓膜が体表よりくぼんだ位置にある場合,鼓膜より外側にある部分の全体を外耳という。いわゆる耳の穴がその主体である。外耳は中耳および内耳と一体になって耳を構成する。進化的にみれば,外耳は中耳およびエウスタキオ管(耳管ともいう)とともに,祖先である原始魚類の前方鰓孔(えらあな)に由来したもので,サメのもつ呼吸孔(退化した鰓孔)と相同のものである。したがって魚類では,耳は主として平衡器官であって,外耳や中耳は存在しない。…

※「えら穴」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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