Electric fish - denkiuo (English spelling) electric fish

Japanese: 電気魚 - でんきうお(英語表記)electric fish
Electric fish - denkiuo (English spelling) electric fish

A fish that generates electricity continuously or temporarily from a generator derived from muscles or nerves, and uses this to shock other animals or to detect their movements. It is also called electric fish. Electricity is generated when muscles or nerves are active, but the generator's power generation capacity is significantly increased by the arrangement of cells and simultaneous generation of electricity. The fossil fish Osteostraci (Cephalaspidiformes), which appeared hundreds of millions of years ago, is thought to have had three to five generators on its head. Among extant fish, generators have been recognized in species belonging to six orders and ten families in the classification.

The fish that produces the strongest electricity is the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus , which lives in the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. It produces an electromotive force of 500-600 volts when it electrocutes small prey fish. As the current strength is 0.5-0.7 amperes, it will not electrocute larger animals, but it may drown due to numbness in the body. It has a pair of generators, one on each side, which occupy most of the body and tail.

The electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus , which is found in tropical Africa, can instantly emit 300-450 volts of electricity when it encounters an enemy, shocking the animal to death. Electric rays (order Electricidae) can emit 50-60 volts, and the Atlantic scorpionfish Astroscopus (order Perciformes) can emit about 50 volts of electricity to kill small fish that they feed on, or to frighten intruders or enemies.

Other species that generate weak voltage but constantly generate electricity to monitor and communicate with their surroundings include the Skateidae species Mormyrus and Gnathonemus of the Mormyridae family, and Gymnarchus of the Gymnarchidae family. Many of these are nocturnal, have degenerated vision, and each one creates a separate territory. In skates, the thin generators on both sides of the tail become well developed as they mature, emitting 7 to 8 volts of electricity. Mormyrus emits 9 to 16 volts of electricity from two rows of generators in its tail, while Gymnarchus emits 4 to 7 volts from a generator in the rear half of its body. Electric eels have generators that discharge weak electricity in addition to the strong electricity.

Fish with weak generators have developed special electric receivers (electroreceptors) that can quickly sense changes in the electric field around them. Electric receivers are found in relatively primitive vertebrates such as lampreys, cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays), soft fish (sturgeons), and lobe-finned fish (lungfish and coelacanths), and were on the way to disappearing, but are said to have independently evolved again in some teleost fishes of the families Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Siluridae, and Gymnotidae. This organ is located under the skin, has a pore organ or a similar structure, and is controlled by the lateral line nerve. In catfish and barracudas, it is distributed widely over the body surface, but is particularly abundant on the back of the head and the tip of the snout. The electric receivers enable the fish to determine their body position and feed. Sharks and rays have numerous ampullae of Lorenzini on the underside of their heads that have excellent electrical reception capabilities, allowing them to detect and hunt weak bioelectricity generated by the breathing and heartbeat of their prey.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano]

[References] | Bioelectricity | Electric eel | Electroreceptor|Electric catfish | Electric organ | Organ of Lorenzini
Main species of electric fish and generators
In the electric ray, hundreds of hexagonal electric poles are arranged in a honeycomb pattern under the cuticle, running dorsally and ventrally. Each pole contains around 400 electric plates. Electric nerves enter the corners of each electric plate and control the ventral surface .

Main species of electric fish and generators


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

筋肉または神経に由来する発電器で連続的または一時的に発電し、これでほかの動物を感電させたり動静を探ったりする魚類。発電魚ともいう。筋肉や神経が作用するとき発電するが、発電器では細胞の配列や同時的な発電によって、発電能力が著しく高まるようになっている。すでに数億年前に出現した化石魚オステオストラキーOsteostraci(Cephalaspidiformes)は、頭に3~5個の発電器をもっていたと考えられている。現存する魚類では、分類上6目10科に属する種に発電器が認められている。

 もっとも強い電気を出す魚として、アマゾン川やオリノコ川に生息するデンキウナギ目のデンキウナギElectrophorus electricusが有名である。この魚が小形の餌(えさ)となる魚を感電死させるときの起電力は500~600ボルトである。電流の強さが0.5~0.7アンペアであるため、大形の動物を感電死させることはないが、身体のしびれのためにおぼれて死ぬこともある。発電器は左右対(つい)となり、胴や尾部の大半を占めている。

 熱帯アフリカのナマズ目のデンキナマズMalapterurus electricusは、外敵にあうと瞬間的に300~450ボルトの電気を出し、感電した動物をショック死させることがある。また、シビレエイ類(シビレエイ目)は50~60ボルト、大西洋のミシマオコゼ科のアストロスコプスAstroscopus(スズキ目)は約50ボルトの電気で餌の小魚などを殺したり、侵入者や外敵を驚かしたりする。

 また、電圧は弱いが、永続的に発電して周囲を監視し、交信するものにガンギエイ科の仲間、モルミルス科のモルミルスMormyrusやグナソネムスGnathonemus、ギムナルクス科のギムナルクスGymnarchusなどがある。これらは多くが夜行性で視覚が退化し、1尾ずつ離れた縄張り(テリトリー)をつくる。ガンギエイでは尾の両側にある細い発電器が、成熟するころからよく発達し、7、8ボルトの電気を出す。モルミルスは尾部に2列に並ぶ発電器から9~16ボルト、ギムナルクスは体の後半部にある発電器から4~7ボルトの電気を出す。デンキウナギには強い電気と別に弱い放電をする発電器がある。

 弱い発電器をもった魚は、周囲におきた電場の変化を敏速に感じる特別な受電器(電気受容器)が発達している。受電器はヤツメウナギ類、軟骨魚類(サメ・エイ類)、軟質類(チョウザメ類)、肉鰭(にくき)類(肺魚、シーラカンス)など比較的原始的な脊椎(せきつい)動物に備わり、なくなる方向にあったが、いくつかの真骨類のモルミルス科、ギムナルクス科、ナマズ科、ギムノータス科のなかの魚類で独自にふたたび進化したといわれている。この器官は皮膚の下にあり、孔器またはそれに似た構造をし、側線神経の支配を受けている。ナマズやゴンズイでは体表面に広く分布するが、とくに頭部背面や吻端(ふんたん)に多い。受電器によって体の位置を定めたり、摂餌(せつじ)したりすることができる。サメ・エイ類の頭部下面にある無数のロレンチーニ器官には、優れた受電能力があり、これで獲物の呼吸運動や心拍によって生じる微弱な生物電気を探知して捕食することができる。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫]

[参照項目] | 生物電気 | デンキウナギ | 電気受容器 | デンキナマズ | 発電器官 | ロレンチーニ器官
電気魚のおもな種類と発電器
シビレエイでは、上皮の下に蜂の巣状に配置した数百本の六角形をした電柱が背腹方向に並ぶ。一つの電柱には400枚前後の電板が積み重なる。電気神経は各電板の角の部分から入って、腹面を支配する©大片忠明">

電気魚のおもな種類と発電器


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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