In the past, it meant that when a pair of electrodes was immersed in a solution and a direct current voltage was applied, colloidal particles would move towards one of the electrodes, but now it means that not only colloidal particles but also charged ions and the like move due to the electric field applied to the solution. Filter paper, starch gel, agar gel, polyacrylamide gel, etc. are used as the medium, and the substances to be separated are placed in small spots or thin strips in this and separated and confirmed by electrophoresis. It is often used as it is effective for separating substances that are quite similar, such as biological components and complex ions. It is also sometimes called electrochromatography. [Yamazaki Akira] Electrophoresis in BiochemistryThere are two main electrophoretic methods: one in which the interfacial movement of solutes is observed using a U-shaped glass vessel, and the other in which migration is performed in a membrane or gel support. The former method, which observes the movement of solutes in a solution, is cumbersome to handle and does not allow detection by staining the solute, so the latter method, which involves migration in a support, is more widely used. For this reason, electrophoretic methods using supports such as filter paper, cellulose acetate membranes, polyacrylamide gels, and agarose gels are often used, and are widely used for the separation and purification of low molecular weight substances, as well as acidic polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels and agarose gels as supports is particularly called gel electrophoresis, and is widely used for the separation and fractionation of proteins and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments and for measuring molecular size, making it one of the most basic methods in molecular biology. [Taku Shimada] "Gel Electrophoresis" by A.H. Goldin, translated by Sakagishi Yoshikatsu (1974, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Zone Electrophoresis" by Kiso Yoshiyuki (1975, Nanzando)" ▽ "Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins by Manabe Takashi (1991, Hirokawa Shoten)" ▽ "The Latest Electrophoresis Experimental Methods" revised edition (1999, Ishiyaku Shuppan), edited by the Japanese Society of Electrophoresis" ▽ "The Latest Electrophoresis Protocols for More Sensitive and Quantitative Detection and Analysis" edited by Kanno Sumio and Hirano Hisashi (2000, Yodosha)" [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古くは、溶液中に一対の電極を浸して直流電圧をかけたときに、コロイド粒子がいずれか一方の電極に向かって移動することをいったが、現在では、コロイド粒子に限定することなく、荷電したイオンなどが溶液中にかけられた電場によって移動することをさす。媒体としては濾紙(ろし)やデンプンゲル、寒天ゲル、あるいはポリアクリルアミドのゲルなどが用いられ、この中で、分離したいものを小さなスポットあるいは細い帯状につけたものを泳動させて分離、確認を行う。生体成分、錯イオンなどかなり類似したものどうしの分離に有効でよく利用される。通電クロマトグラフィーとよばれることもある。 [山崎 昶] 生化学における電気泳動おもな電気泳動法には、U字管状のガラス容器を用いて溶質の界面移動を観測する方法と、膜あるいはゲル状支持体中で泳動を行う方法の二つがある。溶液中の溶質の移動を観測する前者の方法は、扱いがめんどうなうえ溶質の染色による検出ができないので、支持体中で泳動させる後者のほうが利用度が高い。そのため、濾紙、セルロースアセテート膜、ポリアクリルアミドゲル、アガロースゲルなどの支持体を用いた泳動法がよく用いられ、低分子物質のほか、酸性多糖、核酸、タンパク質などの分離や精製に広く用いられている。ポリアクリルアミドゲルやアガロースゲルを支持体とする電気泳動はとくにゲル電気泳動とよばれ、タンパク質やDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)断片の分離・分画や分子サイズの測定に広く用いられており、分子生物学のもっとも基本的な手段の一つとなっている。 [嶋田 拓] 『A・H・ゴールドン著、坂岸良克訳『ゲル電気泳動法』(1974・東京化学同人)』▽『木曽義之著『ゾーン電気泳動』(1975・南江堂)』▽『真鍋敬著『タンパク質のゲル電気泳動法』(1991・広川書店)』▽『日本電気泳動学会編『最新電気泳動実験法』改訂版(1999・医歯薬出版)』▽『菅野純夫・平野久監修『より高感度・定量的な検出解析のための電気泳動最新プロトコール』(2000・羊土社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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