Thebes (English spelling)

Japanese: テーベ（英語表記）Thebae; Thēbai

An important city in ancient Greece, located northeast of Athens, in the eastern part of Boeotia. Greek name: Thebes. Modern name: Cybe. The capital of the legendary King Oedipus of Thebes, known as the setting of ancient Greek tragedies. According to legend, the ancient capital Cadmeia was built by the Phoenicians, but it is known that there were inhabitants in the Early Bronze Age, and a royal palace existed in Mycenaean times. The city competed with Argos for supremacy until just before the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC), but its subsequent fate is unknown. During this time, there was a migration of people, and the Boeotians, a mixed race including the Aegedes tribe of Dorian descent, were established. The Boeotian League was formed in the 6th century BC, and Thebes has been its leader since the 5th century BC. Due to its hostility towards Athens, it cooperated with the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and later with Sparta. In the Peloponnesian War, they defeated Athens (404 BC) and hoped to annihilate it, but failed, and so they turned to war with Sparta. In 386 BC, Sparta dissolved the Boeotian League, and in 382 BC, they occupied Cadmeia. However, Thebes won a major victory against Sparta, and the league was rebuilt, becoming the largest power in Greece. After the death of the Theban general Epameinondas in battle, Thebes rapidly declined, and in 346 BC they accepted an alliance with Philip II of Macedonia. Shortly thereafter, they abandoned the alliance and fought alongside Athens against Philip, but were defeated at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, the Boeotian League was dissolved, and Thebes was occupied by the Macedonian army. In 336 BC, the town was destroyed after a failed revolt against Alexander the Great, but was rebuilt in 316 BC by Macedonian king Cassander, one of the Great's Diadochi (successors). In 197 BC, it came under Roman rule, and in 86 BC, it was divided by general L. Sulla. A historian from the 2nd century BC reports that Cadmeia was inhabited, but the town was overrun by conquerors and adventurers throughout the Middle Ages, and during the Turkish occupation from 1435 to 1829, it became a deserted village. After it became part of Greece, it began to develop as the center of the rich agricultural region around it, and is now a distribution center for wheat, olive oil, wine, tobacco, and cotton. It is connected by rail to Athens, about 50 km southeast. Population: 18,191 (1991 estimate).

Thebes
Thebae; Thebai; Thebes

A city in ancient Egypt. Greek name Thebes. It is located 674 km south of Cairo, straddling both banks of the midstream Nile River, and corresponds to present-day Luxor. Thebes was an inconspicuous farming village until the Old Kingdom, but began to gain influence toward the end of the period, and suddenly attracted attention after the Theban prince Mentuhotep II reunited Egypt during the 11th Dynasty (c. 2133 BC-1991). Thebes became the capital during the 18th Dynasty after the 17th Dynasty, which originated from Thebes, expelled the Hyksos who had invaded from Asia. It then prospered as the capital during the 19th and 20th Dynasties and the New Kingdom (1567-1320 BC). Remains from this period on the east bank of the Nile include the Great Temple of Amon (→Karnak Temple), the temples of Montu, Khonsu, and Mut in Karnak in the north, and the Luxor Temple dedicated to Amon in Luxor in the south. On the west bank of the Nile are the Deir el-Bahari Temple, the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, and the mortuary temples of kings Seti I, Ramses II, and Ramses III, as well as the cemeteries of the Valley of the Kings, the Valley of the Queens, and the Tombs of the Nobles. In 1979, it was registered as a World Heritage Site.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

アテネの東北方，ボイオチア東部にあった古代ギリシアの重要都市。ギリシア名テバイ。現シベ。テーベ伝説上のオイディプス王の首都で，古代ギリシア悲劇の舞台として知られる。伝説によれば古代の都城カドメイアはフェニキア人によって建てられたとされるが，すでに初期青銅器時代には住民のいたことが知られ，ミケーネ時代には王宮が存在していた。トロイ戦争 (前 1200頃) 直前までアルゴリスと覇を競ったが，その後は不明で，この間に民族移動があり，ドーリス人系のアイゲイデス族を含む混血のボイオチア人が成立。前6世紀にボイオチア同盟が形成され，前5世紀以来テーベはその盟主となった。アテネへの敵対からアケメネス朝ペルシアと，そしてのちにはスパルタと協力。ペロポネソス戦争でアテネを破り (前 404) ，その全滅を望んだが果たさず，転じてスパルタと争うにいたった。前 386年スパルタはボイオチア同盟を解散，前 382年カドメイアを占領した。しかしテーベはスパルタと戦って大勝し，同盟も再建され，ギリシア第1の勢力となった。テーベの勇将エパメイノンダスの戦死後テーベは急速に衰え，前 346年マケドニアのフィリッポス2世との同盟を受容した。その後まもなく同盟を破棄し，アテネとともにフィリッポスと戦ったが，前 338年のカイロネイアの戦いで完敗，ボイオチア同盟は解体され，テーベはマケドニア軍の占領下に置かれた。前 336年アレクサンドロス3世 (大王) に対する反乱失敗後，町は壊滅したが，前 316年大王のディアドコイ (後継者) の一人マケドニア王カサンドロスによって再建された。前 197年ローマの支配下に置かれ，前 86年将軍 L.スラによって分割された。2世紀の歴史家は，カドメイアに住民のいたことを報じるが，町は中世を通じて征服者や冒険家に次々と蹂躪され，1435～1829年に及ぶトルコの支配下では一寒村となり果てた。ギリシア領となってから，周辺の豊かな農業地帯の中心地として発展し始め，現在，小麦，オリーブ油，ワイン，タバコ，綿花などの集散地。南東約 50kmのアテネと鉄道で連絡。人口1万 8191 (1991推計) 。

テーベ
Thebae; Thēbai; Thebes

古代エジプトの都市。ギリシア名テバイ。カイロの南方約 674km，ナイル川中流の両岸にまたがり，現在のルクソールにあたる。テーベは古王国時代まではあまり目立たない農村であったが，その末期から勢力をもちはじめ，第 11王朝 (前 2133頃～1991) にテーベ侯メントゥホテプ2世がエジプトを再統一してからにわかに注目された。アジアから侵入したヒクソスをテーベ出身の第 17王朝が追放したため，第 18王朝には首都となった。以後第 19，第 20王朝と新王国時代 (前 1567～1320) の首都として繁栄。この時代の遺構としてナイル東岸では，北のカルナックにアモン大神殿 (→カルナック神殿 ) ，モントゥ，コンス，ムトの諸神殿が，南のルクソールにはアモンをまつったルクソール神殿がある。またナイル西岸には，デル・エル・バハリ神殿，ハトシェプスト女王葬祭殿をはじめ，セティ1世，ラムセス2世，ラムセス3世らの王たちの葬祭殿があり，さらに墓地としては「王陵の谷」「王妃の谷」「貴族の墓」がある。 1979年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録。

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