Debye - Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye

Japanese: デバイ - でばい(英語表記)Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye
Debye - Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye

A physicist born in Maastricht, the Netherlands, who became a naturalized citizen of the United States after the Second World War. As a pioneer in the field collectively known today as chemical physics, he is renowned for his multifaceted achievements in the fields of molecular structure, dielectrics, electrolyte solutions, and polymer solutions, and is also widely known for his Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray diffraction. He initially studied electrical engineering at the Aachen Technical University, but later studied under Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, earning his doctorate in 1908. In 1911, he became a professor at the University of Zurich, succeeding A. Einstein. After working at Utrecht University, the University of Göttingen, the ETH Zurich, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Berlin, he became head of physics at the newly established Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (later the Max Planck Institute) in 1936, and in the same year won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the determination of dipole moments and molecular structure by X-ray and electron diffraction of gases. During World War II, he was treated unfairly due to his nationality, and in 1940 he moved to the United States, became a professor at Cornell University, and became a naturalized American citizen in 1946.

Debye first made his name with his theory of the specific heat of solids in 1912. Following on from Einstein's theory of specific heat (1907, 1911), he improved it, showing that the specific heat of an isotropic solid is proportional to the cube of the absolute temperature, and demonstrating the effectiveness of quantum mechanical methods prior to Bohr's theory of atomic structure (1913). In the same year, he published the first theory presenting the concept of polar molecules with dipole moments, which became the starting point for his subsequent theory of dielectrics and was later compiled in his famous work Polare Molekeln (1929). In 1916, he invented the Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray diffraction for powder samples, which became widely used. This was followed by theoretical and experimental studies of X-ray and electron diffraction for gases and liquids (1927-1930), and became one of the foundations of today's physical and chemical research.

The work that made him most famous was the "Debye-Hückel theory" of strong electrolyte solutions. In 1923, together with Hückel, he published a statistical mechanical theory based on the theory of complete ionization, which provided the starting point for modern electrolyte solution theory. After the war, he continued to study the theory of light scattering of polymer solutions (1944, 1947) and the theory of viscosity (1946), contributing to the development and advancement of polymer physics. He was truly a pioneer in various fields of chemical physics that continue to this day.

[Arakawa Hiroshi]

[References] | Einstein | X-ray diffraction | Chemical physics | Sommerfeld | Debye-Scherrer ring | Debye-Hückel theory | Electron diffraction | Statistical mechanics | Molecular structure theory | Bohr | Quantum theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オランダのマーストリヒトに生まれ、第二次世界大戦後アメリカに帰化した物理学者。今日、化学物理と総称される領域の開拓者として、分子構造論、誘電体論、電解質溶液論、高分子溶液論などの多面的な業績で著名であり、またX線回折におけるデバイ‐シェラー法は広く知られている。初めアーヘン工業大学で電気工学を学んだが、のちミュンヘン大学でゾンマーフェルトに師事し、1908年学位取得、1911年A・アインシュタインの後任としてチューリヒ大学教授となった。ユトレヒト大学、ゲッティンゲン大学、チューリヒ工科大学、ライプツィヒ大学、ベルリン大学などを経て、1936年新設のカイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所(後のマックス・プランク研究所)物理学主任となり、同年「双極子モーメントおよび気体X線・電子線回折による分子構造の決定」でノーベル化学賞を受賞。第二次世界大戦期、国籍問題で不当な処遇を受け、1940年アメリカに渡り、コーネル大学教授となり、1946年アメリカに帰化した。

 デバイの名をまず高からしめたのは、1912年の固体の比熱理論である。アインシュタインの比熱理論(1907、1911)の後を受けて、それを改善し、等方的固体の比熱が絶対温度の三乗に比例することを示し、ボーアの原子構造理論(1913)に先だって、量子論的方法の有効性を明らかにした。同年、双極子能率をもった有極性分子の概念を提示した最初の理論を発表し、これは、引き続く彼の誘電体理論の出発点となり、今日に残る名著『有極性分子』Polare Molekeln(1929)としてのちに集大成される。1916年には粉末試料に対するX線回折のデバイ‐シェラー法を考案し、広く使われるようになった。これは、気体および液体に関するX線・電子線回折の理論的ならびに実験的研究(1927~1930)へと引き継がれ、今日の物理化学的研究の土台の一つとなった。

 彼の名をもっとも有名にした業績は、強電解質溶液に関する「デバイ‐ヒュッケルの理論」であろう。1923年、ヒュッケルと共同して、完全電離説の立場にたった統計力学的理論を発表し、現代の電解質溶液理論の出発点を与えた。戦後、高分子溶液の光散乱理論(1944、1947)および粘性理論(1946)などの研究を進め、高分子物性論の開拓、発展に貢献した。彼はまさに今日に至る化学物理学諸領域の開拓者であった。

[荒川 泓]

[参照項目] | アインシュタイン | X線回折 | 化学物理学 | ゾンマーフェルト | デバイ‐シェラー環 | デバイ‐ヒュッケルの理論 | 電子線回折 | 統計力学 | 分子構造論 | ボーア | 量子論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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