Fixed kiln - Teiyo

A famous kiln for white porcelain that flourished in the Song Dynasty (10th to 13th centuries) in China. The kiln site is located in the villages of Jianci and Yanshan in Quyang County, Hebei Province, and the kiln was first established in the 9th century during the late Tang Dynasty. However, since the famous Xingzhou kiln was discovered in nearby Lincheng County and has a style similar to that of the early Ding kiln, it is possible that the kiln originated as a branch of the Xingzhou kiln. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties (10th century), the kiln distinguished itself by firing masterpieces with a heavy, thick texture, made of pure white clay and slightly bluish transparent glaze, and established its position as the leading kiln for white porcelain in North China. Later, under the Northern Song Dynasty (founded in 960), from the beginning of the 11th century, they changed their style to the Northern Song style, perfecting an elegant cream-colored glaze. The vessels were thin, and they created intricate stamped patterns and flowing patterns made freehand with a spatula, creating the height of sophistication in Northern Song white porcelain with intricate reliefs, carved flowers, and printed patterns. They also produced black-glazed porcelain (kuro-tei), white-coated pottery, decorative pottery made using the scraping technique or with gold and silver paint fired on, and, to a lesser extent, green-glazed porcelain (ryoku-tei), making plates, bowls, water jugs, bottles, vases, and dolls. It has been discovered in recent years that pottery production continued under the Jin Dynasty after the Jurchen army invaded North China (1125), and although the style deteriorated, it seems that pottery was still mass-produced.However, after the Yuan Dynasty, pottery production declined drastically in the 14th century.

[Yoshiaki Yabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国宋(そう)代（10～13世紀）に隆盛した白磁の名窯。窯址(ようし)は河北省曲陽県澗磁(かんじ)村と燕山(えんざん)村にあり、開窯は晩唐代の9世紀であるが、文献に名高い邢州(けいしゅう)窯が近くの臨城県に発見されていて定窯の初期の作風と共通するところから、邢州窯の支窯として発祥した可能性もある。晩唐から五代（10世紀）にかけては、純白色の粘土にやや青みのある透明釉(ゆう)を施した、やや肉取りの厚い重厚な趣(おもむき)の名作を焼いて頭角を現し、華北第一の白磁の名窯の地位を確立した。その後北宋(ほくそう)王朝（960建国）のもとで11世紀初頭からは作風を北宋様式へと変え、クリーム色の典雅な釉色を完成させている。器形は薄手で、細密なスタンプ文様、フリーハンドで篦(へら)を駆使した流れるような文様を創案して、精緻(せいち)な浮彫り、刻花、印花文など北宋白磁の洗練の極致を築いた。ほかに黒釉磁（黒定）や白化粧陶、掻落(かきお)とし技法を用いたり金銀彩を焼き付けた加飾陶磁、わずかながら緑釉磁（緑定）も焼き、皿、鉢、水注、瓶、壺(つぼ)、人形などをつくった。女真軍の華北進攻（1125）後の金王朝下にも製陶が続けられたことが近年判明しており、作風は粗悪化しつつもかなり量産されたようだが、元代以後、14世紀には極度に衰退していった。

［矢部良明］

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