Pasteurization - pasteurization

Japanese: 低温殺菌 - ていおんさっきん
Pasteurization - pasteurization

Sterilization is the process of sterilizing food by keeping it at a temperature below 100°C (usually 60-65°C). It is also called pasteurization, as it was devised by L. Pasteur to prevent wine from spoiling. Normally, the higher the temperature, the more effective the sterilization by heating. However, with foods such as milk, meat, alcoholic beverages, and fruit juice, high temperatures can cause problems such as protein denaturation and loss of flavor. For this reason, low temperatures are used to sterilize these foods. In particular, low-temperature sterilization has been used in many countries since around 1880 as a method of sterilizing milk.

The conditions for sterilization by heating are related to temperature and time, and the conditions for killing bacteria also differ depending on the type of bacteria. In the case of milk, 30 minutes at 60-65℃ will kill hygienic pathogens and also kill most of the microorganisms that cause deterioration during storage. However, since not all microorganisms are killed completely, the milk must be stored in a refrigerator, and is not suitable for long-term storage.

In Japan, milk sterilization is regulated by the Ministerial Ordinance on the Compositional Standards of Milk and Dairy Products. According to this, it is "heat sterilization between 62 and 65 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes, or by a method with an equivalent or greater sterilization effect." In practice, in addition to 30 minutes or more at 62-65 degrees Celsius (LTLT, low temperature long-term sterilization, also called low temperature retention sterilization), 15 seconds or less at 72-87 degrees Celsius (HTST, high temperature short-time sterilization) is used, and even higher temperatures of 120-150 degrees Celsius for 0.5-4 seconds (UHT, ultra-high temperature sterilization) are most widely used. With the UHT method, the number of live bacteria after sterilization is almost zero, and the number of spores is also very low. Therefore, it has better preservation properties than milk sterilized by the conventional low-temperature sterilization method. Furthermore, long-life milk (LL milk) is sterilized at 125-150 degrees Celsius for 1-3 seconds to make it sterile.

Other examples of low-temperature sterilization include pasteurization of sake at 50 to 60 degrees Celsius and boiling of processed meat products at 70 to 75 degrees Celsius.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

食品を100℃未満(普通60~65℃)の状態を保つことで殺菌すること。L・パスツールがワインの変敗防止のために考案した方法なので、パスツーリゼーションpasteurizationともよばれる。普通、加熱による殺菌は高温にすればするほど短時間で効果がある。しかし、牛乳、肉類、酒類、果汁といった食品では、高温にするとタンパク質の変性、風味の低下などの問題が生ずる。そこで、これらの食品の殺菌法として低温が用いられる。とくに、牛乳の殺菌法として1880年ごろから多くの国で低温殺菌法が用いられている。

 加熱による殺菌の条件は、温度と時間の関係があり、また、菌の種類によっても死滅条件が異なる。牛乳の場合、60~65℃で30分という条件で、衛生上有害な病原菌を死滅させ、しかも、保存中の変質の原因となる微生物の大部分が死滅する。ただ、完全にすべての微生物が死滅するわけではないので、貯蔵には冷蔵する必要があり、長期保存には適さない。

 日本の牛乳の殺菌については、「乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令」によって規定されている。それによれば「摂氏62度から摂氏65度までの間で30分間加熱殺菌するか、又はこれと同等以上の殺菌効果を有する方法で加熱すること」となっている。実際には、62~65℃で30分以上(LTLT。低温長時間殺菌、低温保持殺菌ともいう)以外に、72~87℃で15秒以内(HTST。高温短時間殺菌)が用いられ、さらに高温の120~150℃で0.5~4秒(UHT。超高温殺菌)がもっとも広く採用されている。UHT法だと殺菌後の生菌数がほとんどゼロで、胞子数もたいへん少なくなっている。そのため、従来の低温殺菌法の牛乳より保存性がよくなっている。さらにロングライフ牛乳(LL牛乳)では125~150℃で1~3秒滅菌し、無菌牛乳にする方法がとられている。

 そのほか、低温での殺菌は、清酒の火入れでは50~60℃、肉加工品の湯煮は70~75℃が用いられている。

[河野友美・山口米子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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