Wings - Well

Japanese: 翼 - よく

Generally speaking, it refers to a surface that is shaped to receive a force perpendicular to the flow of air when moving through a fluid, especially the surface that generates lift in an aerobatic aircraft (aircraft). There are fixed wings such as those of airplanes and gliders, and rotors such as those of helicopters. In the former, the main wing is responsible for generating lift. The cross-sectional shape of the wing (airfoil) is usually rounded at the leading edge, the upper surface is more curved than the lower surface, and the trailing edge is sharp. Therefore, when the wing moves forward, the air flowing on the upper surface is accelerated as it passes through the part with the greater curve, while on the lower surface, the airflow is blocked and the flow speed decreases, which reduces the static pressure on the upper surface, sucking the wing upward, and increases the static pressure on the lower surface, pushing the wing upward. The sum of these forces is lift, which is given as the vertical component of the force acting on the center of the wind pressure of the wing (the ratio to the horizontal component (drag) is called the lift-drag ratio). Aircraft wings are classified into various types based on their role, planform, cross-sectional shape (airfoil), etc. The main purpose of the wing is to generate lift to support the weight of the aircraft, and although the term "wing" refers to the main wing, airplanes usually also have horizontal and vertical stabilizers to maintain balance and stability. Wings are classified into rectangular, tapered, and elliptical wings based on their planar shape, and into straight wings that are almost perpendicular to the fuselage, swept-back wings that face diagonally backward, and forward-swept wings that face diagonally forward, based on the angle at which they are attached to the fuselage when viewed from above. Swept-back wings are generally used for high-speed aircraft. Airfoils are usually shown as cross sections parallel to the centerline of the aircraft. Since the airfoil shape has a significant effect on the performance of the wing, research on it was focused on from an early stage, and in the 1940s, laminar airfoils, which are still used as airfoils for subsonic aircraft, were developed. After jet aircraft began to be used, thin, small-curvature airfoils that do not separate the airflow on the wing surface up to near the speed of sound began to be selected.
→ Related topics Sweep angle | High lift device | Wing

Wings

The forelimbs of birds. They have a structure adapted for flight. They are homologous to the limbs of mammals and reptiles, but the number of bones that make them up is small, either fused or lost. The large feathers that cover the surface include primary flight feathers, secondary flight feathers, coverts, and winglets. When flapping, each feather opens one by one, with the primary flight feathers providing thrust and the secondary flight feathers providing buoyancy. Wing shape varies depending on the habitat and flight habits, and is divided into four types: rounded, thin, long, and wide. For information on aircraft wings, see the wing section.
→ Related topics Birds

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

一般に流体の中を動くとき流れに対し直角上向きの力を受けるよう形づくられたもの，特に重航空機（航空機）の揚力を発生させる面をいう。飛行機，グライダーなどの固定翼と，ヘリコプターなどの回転翼（ローター）があり，前者では主翼が揚力発生の役目を受け持つ。翼の断面形状（翼型）はふつう前縁に丸みがあり，上面は下面より湾曲が大きく，後縁はとがっている。したがって翼が前進するとき，上面を流れる空気は湾曲の大きな部分を通りつつ加速され，下面では逆に気流がせきとめられたようになって流速が下がり，このため上面では静圧が低下して翼を上方に吸い上げ，下面では静圧が高まって翼を上方に押し上げる。これらの力を合わせたものが揚力で，翼の風圧中心に働く力の垂直分力として与えられる（水平分力（抗力）との比を揚抗比という）。　飛行機の翼はその役割，平面形，断面形（翼型）などによってさまざまに分類される。飛行機の重量を支えるための揚力の発生を主目的としているのが主翼で，単に翼といえばこの主翼を指すが，飛行機にはこのほかつりあいと安定を保つための水平尾翼と垂直尾翼があるのがふつうである。　平面形からは矩形翼，テーパー翼（先細翼），楕円翼等に分けられ，また上から見たときの胴体との取りつけの角度から，胴体にほぼ直角になっている直線翼，斜め後ろ向きになっている後退翼，斜め前向きになっている前進翼に分類される。一般に高速機では後退翼が用いられる。　翼型はふつう機体中心線に平行な断面で示される。翼型は翼の性能に大きな影響を及ぼすことから，早い時期から研究に力点がおかれ，1940年代に現在でも亜音速機の翼型として使われている層流翼型が開発され，さらにジェット機実用後は，音速近くまで翼表面の気流のはがれが起こらない，薄く反りの小さい翼型が選ばれるようになった。
→関連項目後退角｜高揚力装置｜翼

翼【つばさ】

鳥類の前肢。飛行器官として適応した構造をもつ。哺乳(ほにゅう)類や爬虫(はちゅう)類の肢と相同であるが，構成している骨の数は癒合あるいは消失して少ない。表面をおおう大羽（羽毛）には初列風切羽，次列風切羽，雨覆羽，小翼などがあり，羽ばたくときには１枚１枚が開いて，初列風切は主として推力を，次列風切は主として浮力を生む。翼の形態は生息環境と飛行習性によって異なり，丸翼，細翼，長翼，広翼の４型に分けられる。なお，航空機の翼については翼(よく)の項を参照。
→関連項目鳥類

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