Tug of war - tug

Japanese: 綱引き - つなひき
Tug of war - tug

It is a sport in which people split into two groups, one on the left and one on the right, compete to pull a rope, and the one who pulls the other down wins. Although it is popular as a type of sport, tug-of-war was originally often held to pray for good harvests and good catches or to tell the year's fortune. It is an event held throughout the country, and is often held on the Little New Year's Day, Bon Festival, or the fifteenth night of the lunar month. In addition to splitting into two groups and pulling the rope, there are also forms in which people carry or drag the rope around the village without pulling it. The rope is often made from rice straw or Japanese burdock, and vines are sometimes added to make it stronger, but the length and thickness vary from place to place. It is not uncommon to see shapes other than a single thick rope, such as a snake-shaped rope, male and female ropes modeled after male and female genitalia, or a rope with many branches tied to the main rope. In the case of tug-of-war, it takes the form of a contest between villages or between men and women, or between young and old within a village, and it is said that the winner will be blessed with a good harvest, a good catch, and good fortune. However, in reality, many of these contests are merely ritual contests as a kind of religious ceremony, and in some cases the winner is decided in advance. The remaining rope is given to a shrine or temple, or let go in the river. Many tug-of-war contests are not even fought. The Tsunagake Festival, which is distributed mainly in Nara Prefecture, is one such example, and in New Year's, men make a thick rope called a Kanjo Nawa and carry it around the village in a lively manner, stretching it across roads and rivers on the village borders to trees on both sides, with the intention of preventing the entry of evil and disasters. In Chiba and Ibaraki Prefectures, there are places where children pull a rope during the Bon Festival, going around the houses of those who are celebrating the first Bon Festival, and then letting it go in the river, or making a sumo ring with the rope and wrestling. There are many examples of wrestling in a rope ring in southern Kyushu. The tug-of-war on the night of the full moon, found mainly in Kagoshima Prefecture, is unique in that before pulling the rope, the rope is piled up in a circle like a coiled snake, and offerings of mochi (rice cakes), dango (rice dumplings), and potatoes are made to the ring, and people enter the ring to worship the moon, suggesting a connection to the festival of the dragon god, the god of water. Tug-of-war is held all over the world, but there are many similarities to ours in Korea, China, Southeast Asia, and Oceania in particular.

[Noriaki Tanaka]

Sports

Originally it was an annual event with religious significance, and was popular among hunter-gatherers such as the Eskimos and Inuit, and the Itelmen people of the Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as among agricultural peoples such as the rice-farming peoples of East Asia and the Indochina Peninsula.

In recent years, it has become a sport, and was even included as an extra event at the 1908 London Olympics. In 1981, the Japan Tug of War Federation established the competition rules based on those of the International Tug of War Federation, and tug of war as a sport became popular nationwide. Eight taggers form two teams and pull on a rope that is 33.5 to 36 meters long. The team that pulls it four meters is the winner. There are 11 weight classes, with the lightest class being under 400 kilograms, the next class being about 40 kilograms increments, and the heaviest class being over 800 kilograms. Matches are played in three sets.

[Masahide Ohta]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人が左右2組に分かれ、1本の綱を引き合い、相手を引き込んだほうを勝ちとする競技。スポーツの一種として親しまれているが、綱引きは元来、年占(としうら)や豊作・豊漁祈願の意を込めて行われることが多かった。全国に分布する行事で、小正月(こしょうがつ)や盆、十五夜に行われることが多い。形式には、2組に分かれて綱を引き合うもののほか、引き合わないで村落内を綱を担いだり引きずって歩いたりするものもある。用いる綱は稲藁(わら)やチガヤを材料にしたものが多く、じょうぶにするために蔓(つる)草なども加えられるが、長短や太さは所によってまちまちである。形状も、蛇形に綯(な)ったり、男女の性器を模した雄綱・雌綱をつくったり、本綱に多数の枝綱を結び合わせたものなど、単なる1本の太綱だけでないものも珍しくない。引き合う綱引きの場合は、村落間の対抗や村落内の男女・老若間対抗の形をとり、勝った側に豊作、豊漁、幸福などがもたらされるとするものである。しかし実際には一種の神事として儀礼的抗争に終始するものが多く、あらかじめ勝つ側が決まっている例さえある。あとの綱は社寺に納めたり川へ流したりしている。綱引きとは称しても、引き合わないものも多い。奈良県を中心に分布する綱掛け祭りはその一種で、正月に勧請縄(かんじょうなわ)とよぶ太綱をつくって男たちがにぎやかに村落内を担ぎ歩き、悪疫・災禍の入来を防ごうとの意で、それを村境の道路や川をまたいで左右の木に張り渡している。千葉・茨城県には、盆に子供たちが綱を引いて新盆の家を回ったあと、川に流したり、綱で土俵をつくって相撲(すもう)をとったりする所がある。綱の土俵の中で相撲をとる例は南九州に多い。鹿児島県を中心として分布する十五夜の綱引きは特異なもので、引いて歩く前に、蛇がとぐろを巻いたように綱を丸く積み上げ、それに餅(もち)、団子、いもなどの供え物をしたり、その輪の中に入って月を拝んだりする例があり、水神である竜神の祭りとの関連をうかがわせている。綱引きは世界各地で行われているが、とくに韓国や中国、東南アジア、オセアニアなどには、わが国のと類似するものが少なくない。

[田中宣一]

スポーツ

元来は宗教的な意味をもつ年中行事であり、狩猟民ではエスキモーおよびイヌイット、カムチャツカ半島のイテリメン人、また農耕民族では東アジア、インドシナ半島などの水稲耕作民の間で盛んに行われた。

 近年、それがスポーツとして行われるようになり、1908年のオリンピック・ロンドン大会では、番外種目として行われたこともある。国際綱引連盟の定めるルールに基づき、1981年(昭和56)日本綱引連盟が競技規則を設け、スポーツとしての綱引きが、全国的に盛んに行われるようになった。長さ33.5~36メートルの綱を、1チーム8人のタガーたちが、2組に分かれて引き合い、4メートル引き寄せたチームが勝ちとなる。11の体重別クラスに分かれ、8人の体重合計が、いちばん軽いクラスが400キログラム以下、約40キログラムごとに1階級ずつあがり、もっとも重いクラスが800キログラム以上である。試合は3セットマッチで行われる。

[太田昌秀]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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