Meaning Emperor. Also called Tsar. Derived from the Latin Caesar, it was a title given to Russian monarchs from the 15th and 16th centuries until the Russian Revolution. In medieval Russia, it meant the ruler of a completely independent country, and was officially applied only to the Byzantine Emperor and the Khan of the Golden Horde. Ivan III, who gained complete sovereignty after independence from the Golden Horde, was the first to use this title, but it was not a common term and he usually used the title "Grand Duke" or "Gosdari" (meaning monarch). This title was officially adopted when Ivan IV (the Terrible) ascended to the throne in 1547, and it became the main official title for Russian monarchs thereafter. Ivan IV called himself Tsar in order to demonstrate the authority of a sovereign state both domestically and internationally, and to emphasize his character as an autocratic monarch. Even after Peter I (the Great) officially took the title of "Imperator" (meaning Emperor) in 1721, Russian emperors were customarily called "Tsar." In Bulgaria, "Tsar" was also used as the official title for kings from the 10th to the 14th centuries. [Yukio Ito] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
皇帝の意。ツァーtsarともいう。ラテン語のカエサルcaesarに由来し、15、16世紀からロシア革命までのロシアの君主をさす称号。中世ロシアでは、完全な独立国の君主を意味し、正式にはビザンティン帝国皇帝とキプチャク・ハン国のハンにのみ適用した。キプチャク・ハン国から独立して完全な主権を掌握したイワン3世が初めてこの称号を用いたが、常用語ではなく、普通「大公」ないし「ゴスダリ」(君主の意)の称号を用いた。この称号を正式に採用したのは、1547年イワン4世(雷帝)が即位したときからであり、以後ロシア君主の主たる公式称号となった。イワン4世がツァーリを称したのは、主権国家たる権威を内外に示すことと、独裁君主の性格を強調するためであった。1721年ピョートル1世(大帝)が正式に「インペラートル」(皇帝の意)の称号をとったあとも、慣用的にロシア皇帝は「ツァーリ」とよばれた。ブルガリアでも10世紀から14世紀に国王の正式称号として「ツァーリ」が用いられた。 [伊藤幸男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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