It is one of the oldest known strong acids after acetic acid and sulfuric acid. It refers to the compound with the chemical formula HNO3 or its aqueous solution, but the latter is usually the term used. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] historyAs far back as the 8th century, in Arabia, nitric acid was made by mixing and distilling alum FeSO4・7H2O or alum KAl( SO4 ) 2・12H2O with saltpeter KNO3 . In the 17th century, the German Glauber improved on this, distilling a mixture of vitriol oil (concentrated sulfuric acid) and saltpeter to make pure nitric acid. It was called aqua fortis, which is taken from the Latin for "strong water," because it dissolves copper, silver, and other substances, and is therefore stronger than vitriol oil. In England, it was also called spirit of nitre, meaning the spirit of saltpeter. The term nitric acid has been in use since it was named acid nitrique in French by the Frenchman Lavoisier in 1879. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] Manufacturing methodIn laboratories, it is produced by reacting alkali nitrate with sulfuric acid, heating to 100-120°C, and distilling. Industrially, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, methods used included the double decomposition of Chilean saltpeter (NaNO3 ) and sulfuric acid, as well as the electric arc method, which uses electrical discharge to combine nitrogen and oxygen in the air and then absorbs the resulting nitrogen oxides into water to produce nitric acid. Currently, the ammonia oxidation method is used. Also known as the Ostwald process, it is produced by oxidizing ammonia with oxygen and then absorbing it into water. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] naturePure nitric acid is a colorless liquid, highly hygroscopic, and emits a great deal of smoke. It partially decomposes when exposed to light. Commercially available concentrated nitric acid is an aqueous solution with a specific gravity of 1.38 to 1.42 and a concentration of 60 to 70%. It has a strong oxidizing power and reacts violently with metals other than precious metals such as gold, platinum, rhodium, and iridium, dissolving them, but iron, chromium, and aluminum are passive and not affected. It oxidizes or nitrates many organic compounds. A mixture of 1 part concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia, and it dissolves platinum and gold. Dilute nitric acid is a strong monobasic acid (the degree of ionization is 82% at 1N and 93% at 0.1N), but its acidic strength is inferior to that of concentrated hydrochloric acid of the same concentration. Also, if concentrated nitric acid is stored in a place other than a cool, dark place, it will gradually decompose due to the effects of sunlight and other factors, turning it yellowish brown. It is a strong oxidizing agent, and when heated with sulfur or phosphorus, it produces sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, respectively. Dilute nitric acid also has an oxidizing effect, so copper, silver, mercury, etc. produce nitrogen oxides and dissolve in dilute nitric acid. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] ApplicationsNitric acid is used as a fertilizer, such as nitric acid and phosphate ammonium nitrate fertilizer, as a raw material for sodium nitrate, lead-chamber sulfuric acid (oxidation of sulfur dioxide), synthesis of nitro compounds such as nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, TNT, and picric acid, which are the raw materials for explosives, as a raw material for celluloid, dyes (azo dyes, aniline dyes, etc.), pigments, adipic acid, and synthetic fibers, as well as for plating and pickling, and as an astringent and other pharmaceuticals. Concentrated nitric acid also reacts rapidly with amines and is used as an oxidizing agent for rocket propellants. It is a highly toxic substance that attacks the skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, etc. Inhalation of fuming nitric acid can also attack the trachea and cause pneumonia. The allowable concentration in the air is 10 ppm. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [References] | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Nitric acid manufacturing process (New Fauser process) [Diagram] When a piece of copper is placed in concentrated nitric acid, it reacts to produce brown nitrogen dioxide and the copper dissolves . Reaction of nitric acid with copper Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
酢酸、硫酸に次いで古くから知られている酸の一つで強酸。化学式HNO3で示される化合物、あるいはその水溶液をいうが、普通は後者をさすことが多い。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 歴史古く8世紀ごろ、アラビアにおいて緑礬(りょくばん)FeSO4・7H2OまたはミョウバンKAl(SO4)2・12H2Oと硝石KNO3とを混合して蒸留することによってつくられていた。17世紀になってドイツのグラウバーがこれを改良し、ビトリオール油(濃硫酸)と硝石との混合物を蒸留し、純粋な硝酸をつくった。銅、銀などを溶かすことから、ビトリオール油よりも強いということで、「強い水」という意味のラテン語をとりaqua fortisといわれ、また硝石の精という意味からイギリスではspirit of nitreともいわれていた。硝酸ということばは、1879年にフランスのラボアジエによってフランス語でacid nitriqueと命名されて以来用いられるようになった。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 製法実験室では硝酸アルカリに硫酸を作用させ、100~120℃に熱して蒸留してつくる。工業的には、19世紀末から20世紀初めにかけて、チリ硝石NaNO3と硫酸の複分解を用いる方法や、放電によって空気中の窒素と酸素とを化合させ、生じた窒素酸化物を水に吸収させ硝酸とする電弧法が行われていた。現在ではアンモニア酸化法が用いられる。オストワルト法ともいわれ、アンモニアを酸素によって酸化してから水に吸収させてつくる。 4NH3+5O2→4NO+6H2O [守永健一・中原勝儼] 性質純粋な硝酸は無色の液体で、吸湿性が強く著しく発煙する。光に当たると一部分解する。市販の濃硝酸は60~70%、比重1.38~1.42の水溶液である。酸化力が強く、金、白金、ロジウム、イリジウムなどの貴金属以外の金属とは激しく反応し、これを溶かすが、鉄、クロム、アルミニウムなどは不動態をつくって侵されない。多くの有機化合物を酸化またはニトロ化する。濃硝酸1、濃塩酸3の割合で混合したものは王水といわれ、白金や金なども溶かす。希硝酸は強い一塩基酸であるが(電離度は1規定で82%、0.1規定で93%)、酸としての強さは、濃硝酸は同じ濃度の濃塩酸よりは劣る。また、濃硝酸を冷暗所以外に置くと、日光などの作用で徐々に分解し黄褐色となる。強い酸化剤で、硫黄(いおう)、リンなどと熱すると、それぞれ硫酸、リン酸などを生じる。希硝酸にも酸化作用があるので、銅、銀、水銀なども窒素酸化物を生じて希硝酸に溶ける。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 用途硝酸やリン硝安肥料など肥料用、硝酸ナトリウム、鉛室法硫酸(二酸化硫黄の酸化)、ニトログリセリン、ニトロセルロース、TNT、ピクリン酸など火薬の原料となるニトロ化合物の合成、セルロイド、染料(アゾ染料、アニリン染料など)、顔料、アジピン酸や化学繊維などの製造原料として用いられるほか、めっきや酸洗用、医薬品として収斂(しゅうれん)剤その他に用いられる。また、濃硝酸はアミン類と急激に反応分解するので、ロケット推進薬の酸化剤として用いられる。劇薬で、皮膚、口、食道、胃などを冒す。また、発煙硝酸を吸入しても気管を侵し、肺炎となるおそれがある。大気中の許容濃度は10ppmである。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 硝酸の製造工程(新ファウザー法)〔図〕 濃硝酸に銅片を入れると、反応して褐色の二酸化窒素を発生し、銅は溶ける©Shogakukan"> 硝酸と銅の反応 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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